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全胸膜腔混合射线照射结合局部治疗恶性胸水的疗效观察

2022-07-29
来源:求医网
【摘要】目的用60Co γ线和电子线混合照射治疗恶性肿瘤胸膜转移伴恶性胸水,观察患者对治疗的耐受性、急性毒副作用和疗效。方法自1996年1月到1998年12月共治疗恶性胸水55例。其中肺癌伴胸水49例,乳癌术后伴胸水4例,恶性胸腺瘤术后伴胸水2例。患者胸水被完全引流。60Co野包括全胸膜腔,中央铅块屏蔽,屏蔽处照射电子束。用美国Multidata公司软件EXT 2.4计算中平面胸膜受量,100%等剂量线为2Gy,常规照射15次。可见肿瘤局部加量20Gy/10次。患者同时接受3~6个疗程化疗。用Kaplan-Meier法计算胸水控制率和患者生存率。结果治疗结束后胸水即时疗效表现为完全缓解9例,部分缓解46例。6、12、18个月的胸水控制率和患者生存率分别为76%、53%、44%和64%、34%、26%。中位胸水控制期为14个月(范围为2~32个月)。中位生存期为9个月(范围为4~32个月)。治疗前后心、肝、肾功能未见异常。骨髓抑制是联合放、化疗的主要并发症。另有急性放射性食道炎19例(Ⅰ-Ⅱ级),后期胸膜明显增厚伴纤维化3例。未发生急性放射性肺炎。结论60Co γ线和电子线混合照射全胸膜腔[30Gy/(15次·3周)]在临床上安全且具有较好的胸水控制疗效。

【中图分类号】R816.4

The effect of whole pleural cavity irradiation with combined 60Co and electron beam plus local biological agents on malignant pleural effusion

QIAN Hao,JIANG Guoliang,HE Shaoqin,WANG Lijuan,FU Xiaolong,GONG Qing

(Department of Radiation Oncology,Cancer Hospital,Medical Center,Fundan University Former Shanghai Medical University,Shanghai 200032,P.R.China)

【Abstract】ObjectiveTo study the effect and complications of combined 60Co γ ray and electron beam irradiation to malignant pleural effusion.MethodsFrom January,1996 to December,1998,55 patients with malignant pleural effusion (unilateral; 49 cases of primary lung cancer,4 breast cancer and 2 thymic tumor) received whole pleural cavity irradiation of 60Co γ ray with centrally placed lead blocks to protect the vital organs and normal lung tissue,and the electron beam irradiation at the area which was covered by lead blocks in 60Co γ ray irradiation.The pleural effusion was completely drained before radiotherapy,and dose distribution of middle level was calculated by TPS using EXT 2.4 version software (Multidata Co.USA).The 100% isodose curve was 2Gy,15 fractions were given and another 20Gy/10Fx irradiation was added to the visible tumor.All patients received sequential chemotherapy for 3-6 cycles (cisplatin-based regimens for lung cancer and thymic tumor,cyclophosphamide and adriamycin and fluoracil for breast cancer).Kaplan-Meier curve was used to evaluate the pleural effusion control rate and survival rate of patients.ResultsComplete remission of the malignant pleural effusion was seen in 9 patients and partial in 46 when treatment completed.The 6-,12-,18-month pleural effusion control rate and survival rate of the patients were 76%,53%,44% and 64%,34%,26%,respectively.The median control time of effusion and survival time were 14 months (2-32 months) and 9 months (4-32 months) respectively.We did not find any abnormality in liver function as well as in kidney function before and after treatment.Myelosuppression was the main side effect after combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy.Nineteen patients suffered from acute oesophagitis in grade 1-2,and 3 serious pleural fibrosis.There was no acute irradiation pneumonitis.ConclusionThe treatment for malignant pleural effusion with combined 60Co γ ray and electron beam irradiation is tolerable and effective in clinical use.

【Key words】Pleural metastasisMalignant pleural effusionWhole pleural cavity irradiation

肿瘤浸润胸膜或转移到胸膜时常伴有胸水。目前的治疗方法多采用胸腔内化疗、免疫和同位素治疗等,也有采用外照射或全胸膜移动条野照射,但后者因肺受量高限制了临床应用。本文报道了60Co γ 线和电子束混合射线作全胸膜腔照射,并配合胸膜腔免疫治疗和全身化疗的临床初步试验结果。

1材料和方法

1.1临床资料自1996年1月到1998年12月,我科共治疗恶性胸水55例,胸水均经引流并经胸膜腔内注入药物再加放疗。全组中男性34例,女性21例,中位年龄53岁(33~75岁)。其中肺癌伴胸水49例(腺癌47例,鳞癌2例),乳腺癌术后伴胸水4例,恶性胸腺瘤术后伴胸水2例。全部病例的原发灶均经病理学或细胞学证实。全部恶性胸水均经细胞学检查证实。病变均为单侧,右胸30例,左胸25例。

对大量胸水患者,采用胸膜腔内插管24小时连续引流的方法,共40例;对中量以下胸水则采用胸穿抽取的方法,每次约1000ml,共15例。全部病例均在胸水引流完后或胸穿后,向胸膜腔内注入下述药物的一种:胞必佳200μg,α-干扰素300万单位,抗癌菌苗(S311)300μg。每周行B超复查胸水,如胸水复发则再作胸腔穿刺,同时注入药物。

1.2放射治疗全部患者均采用全胸膜腔60Co γ 线和电子束的混合照射,即原发肿瘤、纵隔转移淋巴结、纵隔胸膜和胸腔外侧胸膜采用60Co γ线照射,前胸和后胸的胸膜采用电子束照射。

1.2.1.照射野的设计①60Co野的设计首先拍摄患侧前后(仰位)和后前(俯位)定位片。60Co前后和后前大野包括全胸。外界:肋骨外缘外1~1.5cm;内界:中线旁1cm(避开脊髓);下界至肋膈角水平;上界至肺尖。大野中央置铅块保护部分肺组织,铅块的外缘受胸壁厚度不均匀和女性乳腺影响一般离肋骨内侧缘1.5~2.5cm,内缘为纵隔胸膜外侧0.5~1cm,并沿心界外缘而下,下界至膈顶水平,上缘沿锁骨下缘。设计时应注意原发肿瘤,使其置于60Co射野内(图1)。

②电子线照射野的设计按60Co射野屏蔽铅块形状再制作与之相匹配的电子线照射野,此射野应覆盖60Co野中央的屏蔽铅块,并在铅块各边缘再扩大0.2~0.3cm,即60Co射野与电子线射野有0.2~0.3cm的重叠,以避免每日照射时摆位造成的误差(图2)。

1.2.2剂量计算和照射剂量采用美国Multidata公司的外照射软件XT2.4进行剂量计算,对肺作不均质组织校正。60Co的前胸和后背野的剂量比为1∶1。电子线能量选择根据胸壁厚度而异,一般前胸为9MeV电子线,后背为12MeV。以胸腔中间平面处的胸膜剂量(图3中的A、B、C、D点)为标准,当100%等剂量曲线剂量为200cGy时,计算各点剂量(中位数)为:A点,197cGy(182~253cGy);B点,200cGy(173~227cGy);C点,187cGy(170~239cGy);D点,178cGy(165~224cGy)。等剂量分布曲线见图3。60Co和电子线野每日各照射1次,每周5次,共照射15次。总剂量为26.7~30.0Gy/(15次*3周)。肺组织的受量大多数在30%~50%等剂量曲线范围内。

1.2.3原发灶和胸膜肿瘤照射对原发性肺癌胸部CT显示的临床肿瘤再加量照射,包括原发灶、肺门和纵隔转移淋巴结,以及胸部CT可见的大于1cm胸膜转移结节。剂量是20Gy/(10次*2周)。

图 160钴照射野示意图(粗线为胸膜)

原发肿瘤包括在60钴照射野内(空白部分)。

Fig 1Schematic diagram of 60Co radiation field

Primary tumor was included in the 60Co radiation field (blank region).The dark line represented pleural membrane.

图 2电子线照射野示意图(空白部分)

Fig 2Schematic diagram of eletron beam radiation field (blank region)

图 360钴和电子线混合应用剂量分布

电子线前野9MeV,后野12MeV,粗线代表胸壁内1cm区,虚线为肺

Fig 3Dose distribution of combination radiation by 60Co and electron beam

For electron beam,9MeV in anterior field and 12Mev in posterior fie