中图分类号:R979.1文献标识码:A文章编号:1000-467X(1999)-06-0668-06
The relationships between dose-effect and time- effect of apoptosis induced by harringtonine and benzoazene in tumor cells and the change of growth and decline between apoptosis and necrosis
XIAN Li-jian,ZHANG Qi- wei
Cancer Institute,Cancer Center,Sun Yat- sen University of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510060,P.R.China
【Abstract】Objective:To study the relationship on the dose-effect and time- effect of apoptosis induced by harringtonine (HT) and benzoazene (BAZ) in tumor cells and the change of growth and decline between apoptosis and necrosis.Methods: Ascitic cells of sarcoma 180 (S180) of mice in vivo and human promyelocyte leukemia HL60 cells in vitro were used as models.The cells were stained with Hoechst 33342 and were observed under fluorescence microscope,the apoptosis index was counted. The ultra-structure of the cells was examined with transmission electron microscope and DNA distribution was analyzed with FCM to define apoptosis.The statistical method of repeated measure analysis of variance was used to analyze the data.The trypan-blue positive rate was used as a parameter of necrosis to investigate the possible relationship between apoptosis and necrosis.Results:Both of HT and BAZ could induce apoptosis of tumor cells. The typical apoptosis was confirmed by the examination of fluorescence microscope and transmission electron microscope.The sub-G1 peak was found in DNA histogram by FCM.In HL60 cells,during the 2~24 hrs,in the dose range of 0.02~1.0 μg/ml of HT,and of 0.2~5 μg/ml of BAZ,the apoptosis index was rising with the time passing and the concentration increasing.After 24 hrs,the apoptosis index reduced and the trypan-blue positive rate rised. The highest concentration of drugs in this experiment (HT in 5.0 μ g/ml,BAZ in 25 μ g/ml) induced the lowest apoptosis index and the highest trypan-blue positive rate (necrosis).In the mice bearing S180 tumor,during 2~48hrs,and in the dose range of 25~250 mg/kg of BAZ,the apoptosis index was rising with the time passing and the dose increasing.Forty-eight hours later,the apoptosis index decreased and the trypan- blue positive rate increased.Conclusions:Antitumor drugs induce apoptosis of tumor cells,the relationship between dose- effect and time-effect was found in certain range of dose and time. High dose of drugs kills tumor cells by necrosis mainly. It implicated that the threshold value of intensity and time of damage may be important in the switching on and the regulating of apoptosis and necrosis.
Key words:Antitumor drug;Apoptosis;Necrosis;Dose-effect;Time-effect
细胞凋亡是在基因调控下发生的具有特征性的形态学和生化改变的细胞自我消亡的过程。肿瘤发生与细胞凋亡的调节紊乱有密切关系。诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡是某些化疗药物抑制肿瘤细胞生长的机制之一〔1~4〕。本文通过三尖杉酯碱及氮烯苯酸诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡过程的时-效,量-效关系研究,以及凋亡-坏死消长变化的动态观察,进一步深化对药物作用下肿瘤细胞凋亡过程的认识。
1材料与方法
1.1主要实验材料
1.1.1瘤株和动物:人早幼粒细胞白血病HL60细胞株,暨南大学医学院血液病研究所赠送。小鼠S180腹水癌瘤株,中山医科大学肿瘤研究所实用技术室传代。实验用SD大鼠,由中山医科大学实验动物中心提供,实验动物合格证号码:粤检证字95A05号。昆明种小鼠,购自第一军医大学,实验动物合格证号码:粤检证字96A23号。
1.1.2药物:三尖杉酯碱,中国医学科学院药物研究所实验药厂生产,1mg/支,批号:960106;氮烯苯酸,中国成都制药二厂出品并提供,50mg/支,批号:940601。
1.1.3主要试剂与溶液:RPMI1640培养基(SIGMA公司产品);辅助因子(NADPH)溶液;噻唑蓝[3(4,dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide,MTT] fluka公司产品;25%二甲基亚砜(DMSO);Hoechst 33342染液(SIGMA公司产品);1%台盼蓝染液(使用时终末浓度0.05%);细胞固定液(甲醇∶冰醋酸=3∶1);戊二醛固定液;锇酸固定液;碘化丙啶(PI)染色液(SIGMA公司产品)。
1.1.4主要仪器:奥林帕斯(OLYMPUS)荧光显微镜BHF型,奥林帕斯半自动显微摄影系统FM-10型(日本奥林帕斯公司出品);透射电子显微镜H600型(日本日立公司出品);流式细胞仪(COULTER ELITE出品);Beckman J2-21低温高速离心机(贝克曼公司出品);DG-3022A型酶联免疫检测仪(国营华东电子管厂)。
1.2主要实验方法
1.2.1氮烯苯酸在体外的活化:肝亚细胞匀浆的制备及氮烯苯酸在肝匀浆孵育下活化〔5〕:根据常规方法自大鼠肝脏制备线粒体悬液,取线粒体后上清液2ml加入辅助因子溶液4ml,及不同浓度氮烯苯酸药液2ml,37℃孵育2小时。
1.2.2活化后的氮烯苯酸在体外对HL60细胞的细胞毒作用:经肝匀浆活化的氮烯苯酸,按照孵育活化前的药物浓度推算,终末浓度依次为:0.1μg/ml,0.2μg/ml,0.5μg/ml,1.5μg/ml,6.0μg/ml,25.0μg/ml。根据MTT法〔6〕,测定活化后的氮烯苯酸对HL60细胞的细胞毒作用。采用POMS36软件,在486微机上以加权线性回归法计算IC50,作为以下实验剂量的选择依据。
1.2.3荧光显微镜下观察凋亡细胞形态学变化:24只小鼠(体重19~21g,雄性),在无菌条件下腹腔接种处于对数生长期的S180腹水癌小鼠腹水(以生理盐水稀释2∶1),每鼠0.2ml。小鼠随机分成6组,每组4只鼠。接种后第7天给药,对照组腹腔注射生理盐水0.5ml/鼠,实验组每鼠腹腔注射氮烯苯酸药液0.5ml,剂量依次为25mg/kg,50mg/kg,100mg/kg,200mg/kg,250mg/kg。分别在给药后2小时,6小时,12小时,24小时,36小时,48小时,72小时抽取腹水,涂片,Hoechst 33342染色。
HL60细胞在37℃,5%CO2条件下培养,收集对数生长期细胞,更换培养基,调整细胞密度为105/ml;加入相应浓度的氮烯苯酸与肝匀浆的温孵液,使得药物的终末浓度以药物活化前浓度推算时,分别为:0.2μg/ml,1.0μg/ml,5.0μg/ml,25.0μg/ml;三尖杉酯碱药物终末浓度为:0.02μg/ml,0.2μg/ml,1.0μg/ml,5.0μg/ml。对照组中加入生理盐水。分别在给药后2小时、4小时、6小时、8小时、12小时、24小时、36小时、48小时取细胞悬液,涂片,按Hoechst33342荧光染色法染片,在荧光显微镜下观察并摄片。
1.2.4台盼蓝染色观察S180腹水癌细胞和HL60细胞坏死比率:按台盼蓝拒染法常规测定。
1.2.5透射电子显微镜观察凋亡细胞的形态学变化:收集腹水细胞及培养细胞,洗涤,戊二醛固定,4℃冰箱保存。按常规电镜样品制备程序处理,透射电镜观察并摄影。
1.2.6流式细胞仪观察法〔7〕:根据荧光显微镜的观察,在药物诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡较明显的
