【摘要】目的验证Bruch膜及视网膜色素上皮(retinal pigment epithelium,RPE)脂类沉积与年龄的关系,以及老年性黄斑变性(age-related macular degeneration,AMD)病眼的脂类沉积特点。方法应用组织化学染色的方法,对32例尸体正常眼球(20天~84岁)及2例尸体患AMD病眼进行研究,检测其Bruch膜及RPE中的脂类沉积。结果正常眼中Bruch膜中脂类沉积随年龄增长而增加,以中性脂类为主。黄斑区较周边部显著。RPE染色的强度和面积也与年龄有关。AMD眼脂类染色较正常老年眼更强烈,亦以黄斑部为著。结论老年性Bruch膜与AMD眼有共同的区域性分布,可能在老年性改变及AMD的发展中有着重要作用。随年龄增强的RPE脂类染色可能反映了细胞内脂褐素的积聚。
中国图书资料分类法分类号R773R774.5R446.8
Lipid deposition of senile Bruchs membrane and retinal pigment epithelium
zHANG Yongjin,Grenham IRELAND,Mike bOULTON.Department of Ophthalmology,Eye and ENT Hospital,Shanghai Medical university,Shanghai 200031,China
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between lipid deposition in the Bruchs membrane and the retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)cells and age,and characteristics of lipid deposition in the age-related macular degeneration(AMD).MethodsThirty-two normal eyes from dead people aged 20 days to 84 years and 2 AMD eyes from corpses were examined by using histochemistry stains to identify characteristics of lipid deposition in the Bruchs membrane and the retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)cells.ResultsIn the normal eyes,lipid deposition in the Bruchs membrane increased with aging,especially in the macular region.The main composition of the lipid deposition was neutral lipid.AMD eyes were more intensively stained than normal aged eyes,especially in the macular region.ConclusionLipid deposition distributed in the same regions both in normal and AMD eyes in the elderly,which may play an important role in the aging process and the development of AMD.Stain ofRPEincreasing with aging may reflect the deposition of lipofuscin in the cells.
【Key words】Bruch membrane/pathologyPigment epithelium of eye/pathologyMacular degenerationLipoidosisStains and staining
Bruch膜老年性碎屑(debris)的沉积被认为在AMD的发展过程中有着重要作用[1-6]。早期研究表明,随着年龄增长,Bruch膜的嗜碱性和PAS染色增强[7],推测可能与脂类成分的增加有关[1,3],但当时难以得到直接证据。近年来,随着组织化学和生化技术的提高,这种推测已得到证实[3]。脂类的增加可能改变Bruch膜的扩散性能,而导致AMD[1-6,8]。此研究将进一步验证Bruch膜脂类沉积的特点及脂类性质,比较脂类沉积的区域性特点及AMD眼与正常眼老年性改变的脂类沉积特点。
1材料与方法
32例正常人及2例AMD患者尸体眼球由英国曼彻斯特皇家眼科医院眼库或美国费城国家疾病研究交流中心提供。正常眼无临床眼病及明显的显微镜下的病理改变,供眼者的年龄范围为20天~84岁,分为三个年龄组:①年轻组:10例(20天~28岁);②中年组:8例(31~60岁);③老年组:14例(61~84岁)。2例AMD眼的临床类型不明,年龄为67及80岁。
经10%中性福尔马林固定的眼球,去除眼前段及玻璃体及视网膜后,分离出以黄斑区为中心的6mm×7mm矩形组织块,作为黄斑区标本;周边标本(6mm×4mm)取自距中心凹10mm的颞侧周边部。标本组织块包埋于Tissue-Tek oCT复合物(Sigma)中,经液氮冷冻后,切制成7μm厚的组织切片。
三种组织化学染色方法用来鉴别脂类成分:油红(oil red O)用来识别中性脂;溴-苏丹黑B(bromine sudan black B)使所有类型的脂类着色;而溴-丙酮-苏丹黑B(bromine-acetone-Sudan black B),在丙酮将其他脂类溶解去除后,鉴别出不溶于丙酮的磷脂。阴性对照采用脂溶剂(1∶2氯仿及甲醇混合液含1%HCl)处理后的组织切片[9]。脂类染色方法同文献所述[1,2,9]。染色程度分为4级:①阴性,不超过背景染色;②轻度染色;③中度染色;④重度染色。由两名研究者通过“双盲检查”决定,遇有意见分歧时,协商解决。
2结果
油红染色阳性的组织切片中,Bruch膜呈红色。经脂溶剂处理后,Bruch膜染色呈阴性。年轻组中染色几乎均表现阴性(图1),仅一例28岁眼Bruch膜呈细线状轻度染色(图2);随年龄增长,Bruch膜的油红染色带加宽,染色增强(图3,4)。中年组,大多数眼呈轻度染色;老年组的染色均为中度及重度,Bruch膜呈均匀一致的带状染色,脉络膜的毛细血管间柱(intercapillary pillars)也有着色(图3)。RPE染色程度及面积,亦随着年龄增长而增加。20天,5个月及2岁龄眼中,黑色素颗粒遍布整个RPE细胞,而无染色(图1);RPE染色最初见一位8岁患者供眼,呈轻度,局限于细胞基底部;老年眼染色可占细胞总面积的2/3,且染色程度不受脂溶剂的影响,黑色素颗粒则逐渐减少至局限于细胞顶部(图3)。同一眼中,黄斑部Bruch膜及RPE细胞染色较周边部强。
AMD眼中,Bruch膜重度染色,玻璃疣及基底层状沉着(basal laminar deposits)均强烈染色;RPE细胞染色遍布细胞浆(图5)。
图12岁眼油红染色冰冻组织切片显微照片。Bruch膜(小箭)及RPE细胞(大箭)均无染色×400
Fig.1Photomicrograph of the macular region section from a2-year-old donor.No staining of Bruchs membrane (small arrow)and RPE cells(large arrow)is demonstrated.Cryosections stained with oil red Oand counter stained with Mayers haematoxylin×400
图228岁眼油红染色冰冻组织切片显微照片。Bruch膜(小箭)呈线形染色,RPE细胞(大箭)轻度染色×400
Fig.2Photomicrograph of the macular region of section from a28-year-old donor.Light staining of Bruchs membrane (small arrow)in a thin line pattern and RPE cells(large arrow)is demonstrated.Cryosections stained with oil red O and counter stained with Mayers haematoxylin×400
图372岁眼油红染色冰冻组织切片显微照片。Bruch膜(小箭)呈带状染色,毛细血管间柱亦有染色(中箭),RPE细胞(大箭)染色明显×400
Fig.3Photomicrograph of the macular region of section from a72-year-old donor.Deep staining of Bruchs membrane(small arrow)in a broad line pattern and RPE cells(large arrow)is demonstrated.The choroid intercapillary pillar(middle arrow)is also stained.Cryosections stained with oil red O and counter stained with Mayers haematoxylin×400
显示染色程度随年龄而增强,条形图代表各种染色程度在不同年龄组中所占的百分比(n=眼数)
图4不同年龄组中Bruch膜油红染色程度示意图
Fig.4The histogram demonstrates the different staining intensity of oil red O in Bruchs membrane of three age groups.The vertical bars represent the percentage of eyes with a particular staining intensity within each age group.The graph highlights an increasing staining intensity with age(n=number of donor eyes)
溴-苏丹黑 B阳性染色组织切片中,Bruch膜呈蓝黑色。经脂溶剂处理的组织切片,染色呈阴性。Bruch膜阳性染色表现及特点同油红。年轻组中只有1例(28岁)为轻度染色;中年组则多数为轻度染色;老年组中,64%表现为中度及重度染色(图6)。RPE细胞染色也可观察到,但因黑色素颗粒与此染色相近,不易区分。黄斑区与周边部Bruch膜及RPE细胞染色也有区别,但不如油红染色表现的清晰。AMD眼表现为溴-苏丹B的强烈染色,其染色特点与油红染色相似。
溴-丙酮-苏丹黑B阳性染色为灰色,其染色程度同上述两种脂类染色一样,随年龄的增长而增
