The role of acoustic rhinometry in the evaluation of the volume of nasopharynx before and after adenoidectomy Wang Yipeng, Zheng Jun, Dong Zhen, et al. Third Clinical College,Bethune University of Medical Sciences, Changchun 130031
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo determine the type of acoustic rhinometry curve in different kinds of nasal and nasopharyngeal diseases and the role of acoustic rhinometry in the evaluation of the changes of the volume of nasopharynx before and after adenoidectomy. MethodsOne hundred and fifty-one patients with nasal and nasopharyngeal diseases, including rhinitis, nasal polyps, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, palatoschisis, atrophic rhinitis,adenoid vegetation, perforation of nasal septum, carcinoma of nasopharynx, and stricture of nasal limen, were measured with acoustic rhinometry. Meanwhile, 15 patients with adenoid vegetation were measured before and after adenoidectomy, the changes in volume recorded by acoustic rhinometry were compared with the adenoid volume obtained by the method of displacement. Results Acoustic rhinometry curve can be divided into normal and abnormal curves and the abnormal curves can be divided into four types according to the site of changes. Acoustic rhinometry curve altered with the changes in character, degree and site of nasal and nasopharyngeal diseases and could return to normal after surgery or medical treatment. The volume of nasopharynx of adenoid vegetation patients was significantly smaller than that of the normal control and it rose significantly and became closed to normal after adenoidectomy. The volume of adenoid and the calculated changes in volume of the nasopharynx was found to be interrelated and highly significant(r=0.87, P<0.001). Conclusion The results indicate that acoustic rhinometry curve is a useful method in the assistant diagnosis and judgment of therapeutic effectiveness of many kinds of nasal and nasopharyngeal diseases and can provide reference for the evaluation of the volume of adenoids.
【Key words】 Nasal cavity Nasopharynx Adenoidectomy Acoustic rhinometry
声反射鼻测量计检查是近年来发展起来的一种测量鼻腔几何形态的方法。目前国外已应用声反射鼻测量计对鼻腔几何形态进行了许多基础及临床研究,国内亦已有报道。我们在应用声反射鼻测量计对健康儿童、少年及成人的鼻腔及鼻咽腔几何形态进行测量[1,2],取得正常值的基础上,将其应用于临床,报道如下。
材料与方法
各种鼻腔及鼻咽部疾病患者151例,病种包括鼻炎、鼻息肉、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS)、腭裂、萎缩性鼻炎、腺样体肥大、鼻中隔穿孔、鼻咽癌、鼻阈狭窄。部分鼻炎患者经手术治疗(下鼻甲部分切除术)后7~10 d或1%麻黄素收缩鼻腔粘膜(患者取坐位,头后仰,每鼻孔3滴1%麻黄素)后10 min复查。鼻中隔穿孔患者经穿孔修补术后(愈合良好)15~20 d复查。OSAS的诊断标准是成人每天7 h睡眠中有30次以上呼吸暂停,每次暂停的时间超过10 s[3]。OSAS患者经腭咽成形术后(部分患者同时行单侧或双侧下鼻甲切除术)25~35 d复查。腭裂患者经腭裂修补术后(愈合良好)20~28 d复查。
受试者中包括腺样体肥大患儿15例,年龄为3~13岁(平均6.5岁),男8例,女7例。选无睡眠打鼾、无张口呼吸、无鼻病史同年龄组健康儿童385名作为对照组,男158名,女227名。手术前一日行声反射鼻测量计检查。手术均由一名有经验的外科医生所完成,全身麻醉。腺样体切除后立即以排水法测量其体积。方法为将腺样体置入装有已知容积生理盐水的量筒中,由医师测量手术所摘除的腺样体的体积并以毫升来记录。术后4~8周复查声反射鼻测量计检查。
声反射鼻测量计AR-1003为美国Hood研究室的产品。该仪器可测得距前鼻孔0~12 cm范围内的鼻腔横截面积、容积。本实验中取距前鼻孔6 cm处为儿童、少年(3~18岁)的鼻腔、鼻咽腔分界线,8 cm处为成人(18岁以上)的鼻腔、鼻咽腔分界线。受试者在受试前15 min进入检查室(温度18℃~25 ℃,相对湿度40%,本底噪声小于20 dB)静坐准备,以排除温度、湿度、运动、噪声等对鼻腔粘膜的影响。
结果
一、正常声反射鼻测量曲线
正常曲线在鼻腔前部显示有两个明显狭窄处,第一狭窄处为鼻内孔位置,第二狭窄处为下鼻甲前缘位置,健康人最小横截面积(MCA)位于鼻腔前部,少数个体位于第二狭窄处,多数个体位于第一狭窄处。曲线从前向后呈渐增高趋势[1]。
二、4种异常曲线
1. 鼻腔段曲线突然显著增高:此类曲线见于鼻中隔穿孔及萎缩性鼻炎患者,曲线增高程度与鼻中隔缺损面积或萎缩性鼻炎严重程度相关。鼻中隔穿孔患者经鼻中隔修补术后声反射鼻测量曲线恢复正常(图1)。
2. 鼻腔段曲线突然显著降低:此类曲线见于鼻
患者男,25岁,鼻中隔前下方缺损约0.5 cm×0.5 cm。经穿孔修补术后17天复查,穿孔愈合良好
图1鼻中隔穿孔曲线及穿孔修补术后曲线炎,鼻息肉等鼻腔增生性疾病患者及鼻阈狭窄患者。前鼻镜检查鼻腔完全阻塞患者其鼻腔最小横截面积值接近于零。急性鼻炎患者由于鼻腔粘膜肿胀而导致鼻腔最小横截面积及鼻腔容积值显著下降,经1%麻黄素收缩鼻腔粘膜后患者鼻塞症状缓解,曲线可基本恢复正常。肥厚性鼻炎患者经1%麻黄素鼻腔滴药疗效欠佳,行下鼻甲切除术后曲线可恢复正常水平。
3. 曲线后段显著增高:此类曲线见于腭裂患者。深Ⅱ度以上腭裂患者鼻腔及鼻咽部曲线均异常增高。经腭裂修补术后曲线基本达同年龄组正常人水平。
4. 曲线后段低平,此类曲线见于腺样体肥大、OSAS、鼻咽癌等鼻咽部增生性疾病患者。多数OSAS患者合并有鼻腔段曲线的降低。OSAS患者经腭咽成形术后咽腔容积增大,在声反射鼻测量曲线上表现为曲线后部抬高,容积增大(图2)。
以上异常曲线均为与同年龄组健康人相比较而得,其变异位置与鼻腔或鼻咽部病变位置基本一致。
患者男,45岁,软腭组织肿胀,咽腔狭窄。经腭咽成形术后26天复查,咽腔肿胀已消除,无打鼾症状
图2OSAS曲线及腭咽成形术后曲线 三、腺样体切除前后鼻咽部容积变化
声反射鼻测量计所测得腺样体肥大患儿鼻咽部容积为(16.12±7.91) cm3,腺样体切除术后鼻咽部容积为(22.31±6.42) cm3,对照组鼻咽部容积为(26.56±8.12) cm3。经统计学分析,腺样体肥大患儿鼻咽部容积明显低于同年龄对照组(P<0.01),腺样体摘除术后鼻咽部容积显著增高(P<0.01),但仍低于对照组(0.01<P<0.05)。声反射鼻测量计测得手术前后鼻咽部容积变化(6.19±2.99) cm3,排水法所得的腺样体体积为(5.03±2.22) cm3。这表明声反射鼻测量计平均高估容积改变23.1%。
线性回归方程为Y=1.656+0.902X。相关系数r=0.87,P<0.001。
讨论
声反射鼻测量计的应用是鼻科学近年来主要进展之一。其优点是测量简便迅速,精确度高,可重复性好,无创伤性等。基本原理为:通过声波管向鼻腔和鼻咽部发射声波并接收经鼻腔和鼻咽部反射后的声波信号,加以分析,得到以距前鼻孔的距离为函数的鼻腔和<
