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谷氨酸脱羧酶通过调节T细胞亚群预防NOD小鼠发生1型糖尿病

2022-07-29
来源:求医网
关键词: 谷氨酸脱羧酶;小鼠,近交NOD;糖尿病,胰 岛素依赖型;T淋巴细胞亚群

【摘要】目的 了解谷氨酸脱羧酶(GAD)对非肥胖糖尿病(NOD)小鼠的1型糖尿病是否具有预防作用并探讨其 免 疫作用机制。方法用猪脑GAD和不完全弗氏佐剂(FIA )混合后给4周龄雌性NOD小鼠腹腔注射(32例),同时单独注射等量FIA作为对照组。8周龄时 腹腔注射环磷酰胺以加速糖尿病。每周测定体重、血糖,糖尿病形成2周或20周龄处死小鼠 后测定血清C-肽、GAD抗体(GAD-Ab)和脾组织T细胞亚群,观察胰腺病理、免疫组化和超微 结构变化。结果20周龄时,FIA对照组的糖尿病总发 病率为73.68%,而GAD组仅为6.25%(P<0.01 ),发病时 间也明显延缓;GAD组的胰岛炎症分数较FIA组明显降低,且炎症程度减轻(P<0.05);GAD组的C-肽水平也明显高于对照组(P<0.05);两组的GAD-Ab阳性率无明显差别 ;FIA组的脾脏T细胞以CD+4亚群为主,GAD组则CD+8亚群比例增高,CD4/CD8比 值显著下降(P<0.01);免疫组化也表明FIA组胰岛浸润淋巴 细胞为CD+4T细胞,而GAD组胰岛CD+4细胞明显减少,且局限于胰周。结论猪脑GAD有预防NOD小鼠胰岛炎和糖尿病发生的作用,其机制 可能与改善小鼠缺陷的CD+8T细胞亚群有关。

Glutamic acid decarboxylase prevents type 1 diabetes by regulating the subsets of T lymphocytes in NOD mice

LI U FangYU MaohuaZHU Qiuyuet al

(Department of Endocrinology,Huashan Hospital ,Shanghai medical University,Shanghai 200040)

【Abstract】ObjectiveTo observe whether glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) can prevent type 1 diab etes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice and to study its influence on the immune sy stem. MethodsOne injection was performed intra peritoneally (i.p.) with GAD purified from pig brain, together with Freund incom plete adjuvents (FIA), into female NOD mice at the age of 4 weeks as treated gro up (n=32), other 19 mice were injected FIA 100 μl alone as control group. Diabetes was accelerated 4 weeks later by a single injection of cyclophosphamide. Blood glucose and body weight were me asured weekly. At the age of 20 weeks or 2 weeks after the onset of diabetes, mi ce in two groups were killed and the serum levels of C-peptide and an tibodies against GAD were detected with radioimmunoassay and ELISA respectively. The subsets of T cells in spleen were determined by two-color FACS analysis, t he ultrastructure of β cells was observed, and pancreatic histopathological and immunocytochemical studies were performed using the anti-CD4 or anti-CD8 monoclonal antibodies. ResultsImmunization wit h GAD reduced the incidence of diabetes (6.25% vs 73.68%, [ WT9.BX P<0.01) and delayed its onset as compared with FIA mice at ag e of 20 weeks. The serum C-peptide levels were significantly higher in GAD group th an that in control group (P<0.05), the lymphocytic inflamma tion of pancreatic islets showed a switch from severe insulitis in control mice to peri-insulitis in GAD-treated mice with the insulitis score decreased marke dly (P<0.01) in the GAD group. A strong proliferative respo nse of CD+8 subsets in splenocytes occured in GAD group, and the imbalance o f CD4/CD8 ratio in control mice was corrected (P<0.01). T he lymphocytes infiltrating islets showed a marked reduction of CD+4 T cells , even the small number of CD+4 subsets existed only outside the islets in GAD-immunized mice. The prevalence of GAD antibody showed no significant di fference between these two groups. ConclusionG ad prevents the onset of type 1 diabetes and reduces the severity of insulitis i n female NOD mice. Its mechanisms seem to be related to the improvement of CD+ 8 T cell deficiency.

【Key words】Glutamate decarboxylase;Mice, inbred NOD;Diabetes mellitus, insulin-dependent;T-lymphocyte subsets

非肥胖糖尿病(NOD)小鼠是一种自发性自身免疫性糖 尿病(DM)动物模型〔1〕。近几年国内外已有人应用谷氨酸脱羧酶(GAD)预防1型D M的尝试,表明重组人GAD65、GAD67或其活性肽段对NOD小鼠的1型DM有一定的预防或延缓作 用〔2-6〕。本研究用猪脑GAD早期免疫NOD雌性小鼠,了解其是否具有预防胰岛炎和 糖尿病发生的作用,探讨其可能的作用机制。

材料和方法

一、材料

1.动物:为NOD/Lt种小鼠。种鼠购自北京中科院实验动物研究所。在标准环境条件下饲养, 繁殖出第一代,取雌性小鼠用于实验。

2.试剂:GAD由本实验室从猪脑提纯〔7〕,为含GAD65和GAD67的混合物,用时稀 释至1 μg/μl;不完全弗氏佐剂(FIA)为Sigma公司产品。其余试剂均为AR规格。

二、方法

1.小鼠的分组与处理:4周龄时,选体重>10g的雌性小鼠编号后分两组用药:(1)FIA对照组 (19只):生理盐水50 μl与FIA 50 μl混匀后一次性腹腔注射(ip);(2)GAD免疫组(32只): GAD 50 μg与FIA 50 μl混匀后i.p.;两组皆于鼠龄8周时环磷酰胺250 mg/kg i.p.一次, 以加速糖尿病;所有小鼠从4周龄开始,每周测定体重、血糖,确诊糖尿病2周后或鼠龄20周 时处死小鼠;死前用摘眼球法取全血,4℃离心分离血清置-20℃保存以备指标测定;小鼠 死后立即取出胰腺,作如下处理:(1)置苦 味酸-多聚甲醛溶液固定24 h,洗涤数次后80%乙醇保存,备做组织病理检查;(2)用OCT包埋,干冰-丙酮法制成组织冻块,置-70℃备做免疫组化;( 3)1.5%戊二醛固定后送电镜观察;同时取胸腺和脾脏用铝箔包裹后置-70℃备用。

2.指标测定:用拜耳公司的快速血糖仪测定尾静脉血血糖(BG),以BG≥13.3 mmol/L且持续1 周以上诊为DM。C-肽测定试剂盒购自天津DPC公司,RIA法测定。GAD-Ab测定试剂盒购自美 国Bi omerica公司,取血清100 μl,用ELISA法测定,结果以<1.00 ng/ml为阴性;1.00~1.05 ng/ml之间 为可疑阳性;>1.05 ng/ml则为阳性。

3.脾组织T细胞亚群测定:将脾脏制成单核细胞悬液,每管加抗-小鼠CD4或CD8单抗1 μl,4℃孵育45 min后;取1×106个细胞上流式细胞仪,由中科院细胞所协助进行T细胞 亚群计数,结果以百分比表示。

4.胰岛病理学观察:胰腺经石蜡包埋后切片,常规苏木素-伊红(HE)染色。由 三位病理专业人员盲法读片,分别计数5只小鼠的胰小岛数目,并采用国外标准进行胰岛炎 评分及分级〔4-8〕。胰岛炎分数:每只鼠胰切片在镜下随机计数5~10个胰岛分值 ,无胰岛炎,为0;50%有炎症,为0.50;100%胰岛有炎症,为1。分级标准:仅有胰岛周围 淋巴细胞浸润为一级(即胰周围炎);浸润至胰岛内,但浸润程度<50%者,为二级;浸润程 度>50%者,为三级。

5.胰岛浸润淋巴细胞的免疫组织化学:(1)制作冰冻切片;(2)丙酮液固定10 min,PBS(50 m mol/L,pH 7.2)洗涤3次;(3)加生物素化CD4(1:120稀释)或CD8(1:200稀释)单抗50 μl ,37℃温育60 min;(4)浸于0.1%过氧化氢液,室温放置20 min;(5)加ABC(1:100稀释)50 μl,37℃温育30 min;(6)加0.5 mg/ml DAB 50 μl,显色5~8 min;(7)苏木素复染,封 片。同时做连续切片的HE对照染色。

6.胰腺超微结构观察:由上海医科大学电镜室协助完成。

7.统计学处理:各指标检测结果均以±s表示,用t检验或样本率的u检验法对结果进行显著性分析。

结果

一、预先用GAD免疫对NOD小鼠胰岛炎和糖尿病的影响

1.糖尿病发病率:在20周的观察期内,GAD组仅有2例小鼠发生糖尿病,总发病率6.25%,比 相应的FIA对照组发病率(73.68%)显著降低(P<0.01)(图 1)。

2.胰岛炎:胰腺组织学检查结果显示,雌性NOD小鼠4周龄时胰岛即开始有淋巴细胞浸润;20 周时,FIA对照组胰岛数目明显减少〔(3.1±1.8)个/只小鼠〕,残存胰岛的炎症分数为0.69±0.05,且(87.4±15.4)%为二、三级胰岛炎,血清C- 肽水平很低〔(1.19±1.22)ng/ml〕;而GAD免疫组胰岛数目〔(9.0±2.5)个/只小鼠〕明 显多于对照组(P<0.05),胰岛炎分数降 至0.08±0.01(P<0.05),且炎症胰岛中(95.7±3.6)%为胰周围炎,仅(4. 17±2.73)%为二级;无一例达到三级者;血清C-肽〔(2.41±0.93)ng/ml〕