【摘要】目的探讨阵发性心房颤动(房颤)的电生理机制和右房峡部消融对房颤的影响。方法1995年6月~1999年6月,15例药物治疗无效的阵发性房颤,男性8例,女性7例,年龄(56±9)岁,病程(7±4)年,消融前3个月平均每月发作6次至每日数十次不等,发作时均有明显症状;对照组15例房室结折返性室上性心动过速,男性5例,女性10例,年龄(57±6)岁。电生理检查及消融,房颤组和对照组均测量房室结正向和逆向传导文氏点(Wenckebach point)。程序电刺激诱发房颤;在右房峡部线性消融。结果房颤组房室结正、逆向文氏点分别为(340±38)ms和(618±75) ms,两者差异具有显著性(P<0.001);对照组正、逆向文氏点分别为(345±52)ms和(338±48) ms,两者之间差异无显著性(P>0.05);两组间正、逆向文氏点离散度差异(正、逆向文氏点之差)具有显著性(P<0.001)。房颤组可用短阵快速刺激(burst)诱发房颤,9例房颤由心房扑动(房扑)蜕变而成,7例消融后即刻成功,随防3个月~4年,3例无房颤复发,1例随访时间最长达3年6个月;其余病例房颤发作频度较术前减少70%~95%。结论部分阵发性房颤患者在右房内与房扑一样存在大折返环,这些患者房颤由房扑蜕变而来,右房内的大折返环及其特殊电生理特性及房室结正、逆向文氏点离散度增大可能在房颤和房扑的诱发及维持中起着重要作用。右房下后部峡部线性消融可防止部分阵发性房颤复发或减少其发作频度及改善症状。
Preliminary study of electrophysiological mechanism and radiofrequency catheter ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
SHAN Qijun,CAO Kejiang,ZOU Jiangang,et al.
(Department of Cardiology,First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University,Nanjing,210029,China)
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo study electrophysiological mechanism of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and effect of right atrial isthmus ablation on the occurrence of atrial fibrillation(AF).MethodsFrom June,1995 to June,1999,15 patients[8 men,7 women,mean age (56±9) years] with drug-refractory paroxysmal atrial fibrillation were studied.The history of AF was mean (7±4) years.The episodes of AF from six a month to more than twenty times a day had been documented within recent three months before study,which lead to severe symptoms.There were 15 patients (5 men,10 women,mean age 57±6 years) with artioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia(AVNRT)in control group.All patients underwent electrophysiological study,the cycle length of Wenckebach point of the atrioventricual node was measured,both antegradly and retrogradly.The programmed electrical and burst(200,300 ms) stimuli were used in high right atrium to induce the arrhythmia.Right atrial isthmus(from tricuspid annulus to inferior vena cava)linear ablation was performed in AF group.ResultsThe antegrade and retrograde Wenckebach cycle length in AF was (340±38) and 618±75ms,respectively,(345±52) ms and (338±48) ms in AVNRT.The retrograde Wenckebach cycle length was much longer than antegrade one in AF (P<0.001),but no significance in AVNRT group (P>0.05).The dispersion of Wenckebach cycle length(retrograde subtracts antegrade) increased significantly in AF group compared with AVNRT group (P<0.001).AF could be induced by burst stimuli in all AF patients.Atrial flutter (AFL) degenerated into AF in 9 patients.After ablation of right atrial isthmus,the AF and AFL could not be induced in 7 patients.AF did not recur in 3 patients without medication during a follow-up period of 3 months to 4 years,the longest period of follow-up was 3 years and 6 months.The episodes of AF decreased about 70%~95% and symptoms were improved significantly in others.ConclusionSome paroxysmal AF has the same macroreetrant circuit in right atrium as AFL in this study,and AFL could degenerate into AF.The macroreentrant circuit and its electrophysiological characteristic and increasing dispersion of Wenckebach cycle length may play an important role in inducing and persisting of AF and AFL in these pstients.The ablation of right atrial isthmus can prevent some paroxysmal AF from recurrence or reduce its episodes and improve symptoms.
【Key words】Atrial fibrillation;Atrial flutter;Radiofrequency catheter ablation
心房颤动(atrial fibrillation,AF)是临床上最常见的心律失常之一,临床AF诊断是基于体表心电图,而不是心内电图的特征,由于受现有标测技术限制,心内电图尚不能全面地观察AF究竟是单纯的多个子波折返,或大小折返并存,或是先由大折返然后再蜕变成多子波。临床实践发现心房扑动(atrial flutter,AFL,房扑)和AF之间存在着密切联系,AF和AFL之间的关系如何?即许多类型的AF发作前整个心房短时间内是否由单个“房扑波”所驱动的,然后蜕变成具有多个子波特征的AF?
资料和方法
临床资料1995年6月~1999年6月共治疗15例阵发性AF,男性8例,女性7例,年龄(56±9)岁(45~68岁),病程(7±4)年(1.5~13.0年),导管射频消融前3个月发作每月6次至每天数十次不等,最快心室率(185±21)次/min(166~220次/min),均伴有明显症状,使用抗心律失常药物3~6(3.3±1.4)种不能控制发作。1例使用胺碘酮治疗出现严重的肺间质纤维化致肺功能障碍伴咯血和甲状腺肿大。对照组15例房室结折返性心动过速,男性5例,女性10例,年龄(57±6)岁,超声心动图和X线胸片检查正常。
电生理检查术前停用抗心律失常药物5个半衰期,服用胺碘酮者停药6个月以上。术前6 h禁食。常规放置冠状静脉窦、高位右房、希氏束和右心室导管。多导生理仪为Mingograf 82或Quinton EP L ab。常规测量AH、HV间期和校正窦房结恢复时间,房室结正向和逆向文氏点(Wenckebach point)。采用右房程序刺激或短阵快速刺激(burst),观察AF的诱发方式。
导管射频消融完成电生理检查后,经右侧股静脉插入7 F大头消融导管(Webster,消融电极4 mm),在窦性心律或持续AF(AF持续时间>30 s)时对三尖瓣环至下腔静脉口之间连线行线性消融。能量选择15~25 W,每次放电时间30~100 s。成功标准:上述线性消融3次,不再诱发AF或诱发AF持续时间<30 s;若仍能诱发,再消融3次,对于再诱发者,则消融“慢径”,至心室率减少>30%。术后复测AH、HV间期和校正窦房结恢复时间。
随访每3个月随访1次,包括有无AF复发、发作频度、持续时间和是否需要用药物控制等,有条件者作动态心电图检查。随访方式:门诊、电话和信访。
统计学处理采用均数±标准差和t检验,P<0.05为差异有显著性。
结果
电生理检查和心律失常诱发情况房颤组的AH和HV间期分别为(77.5±10.4) ms和(50.2±6.5) ms,校正窦房结恢复时间为(470.8±56.3) ms,正向和逆向文氏点分别为(340±38) ms和(618±75) ms(P<0.001)。对照组则正向和逆向文氏点分别为(345±52) ms和(338±48) ms(P>0.05);AF患者正、逆向文氏点的离散度(逆向和正向文氏点之差)与对照组相比差异具有显著性(P<0.001)。所有患者用程序刺激不易诱发AF,而用短阵快速刺激(脉冲周长200 ms和300 ms)可诱发AF,其中9例在诱发出右房峡部依赖的AFL后数秒至10余分钟后蜕变为AF,如图1所示。
导管射频消融11例在窦性心律下消融,4例在持续AF下消融。7例消融即刻成功;8例未成功者均在窦性心律下行房室结慢径改良术,3例房颤时心室率减少>30%。平均使用能量(20±5) W,放电时间(1264±136) s,X线曝光时间(56±20) min。放电后AF终止如图2所示,同时发现终止前放电的过程中多次出现单个窦性夺获搏动的情况,如图3所示。所有患者消融后AH、HV间期和校正窦房结恢复时间与术前相比无明显变化,除靠近冠状窦口和下腔静脉口附近消融时有疼痛感觉外,无其它并发症。
V1、CSu1、CSu4、CSu8和CSu10分别为右胸体表导联和冠状静脉窦单极心内导联。开始为心房扑动,心房激动波(A波)规则,AA间期为200 ms,房室传导比例2∶1,心室率为150次/min,AA间期逐渐缩短,CS心内电图A波的方向瞬息不停的变化,CS近端电极的A波(相当于低位右房)比CS远端电极(相当于左房)变得更加细密,心室率变得毫无规则,体表心电图表现为心房颤动
图1心房扑动蜕变成心房颤动
V1、CSu1、CSu4、CSu8和CSu10分别为右胸体表导联和冠状静脉窦单极心内导联。图为例3持续心<
