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肺癌肉瘤与肺母细胞瘤的临床分析及文献复习

2022-07-29
来源:求医网
关键词: 肺癌肉瘤;肺母细胞瘤;诊断;外科治疗

摘要】目的探讨肺癌肉瘤与肺母细胞瘤的临床特点、诊断、治疗方法,以提高其诊断率。方法回顾性地总结自1979年1月~1998年11月收住的肺癌肉瘤15例,肺母细胞瘤2例,并结合文献对其组织发生、临床表现、诊断及治疗方法进行分析。结果肺癌肉瘤及肺母细胞瘤均为肺内罕见的恶性肿瘤,镜下均可见上皮及间质两种成分,但又有其不同之处,手术前很难确诊。肺癌肉瘤主要症状为咳嗽、咳痰、血丝痰等。X线示以周围型居多。病灶大小约在2~5 cm之间。病灶密度均匀,可见空洞,可为中心或偏心溶解,内壁不规则。病灶边缘清楚,有分叶,还可见肺门及纵隔淋巴结肿大。支气管镜检查可见肿物阻塞管腔,或支气管狭窄,活检可见鳞癌、腺癌及大细胞癌。痰中亦可查到癌细胞,故极易与肺癌相混淆。14例行手术治疗并确诊,1例经淋巴结活检证实为肺癌肉瘤。肺母细胞瘤表现为发热(2/2)、咯血(1/2),X线及CT表现为肺内肿块,密度不均匀,1例胸腔积液中查见恶性肿瘤细胞,无法确诊,行肺穿刺活检确诊。1例行肺叶切除术后病理确诊,全组术后随访15例(2例癌肉瘤失访),随访率88%。其中4例(包括1例肺母细胞瘤)随访时仍健在。癌肉瘤1年生存率为30%(3/10),2年生存率为20%(2/10),其中1例生存6年以上。另1例肺母细胞瘤仅生存3个月。结论两种肿瘤常易误诊,且预后差,外科手术是其主要的诊断和治疗手段。

The clinical analysis and review of literature of pulmonary carcinosarcoma and blastoma

LIU Shuku, CHEN Xiaojia, YANG Sheng

Beijing Chest Tumor and Tuberculosis Hospital, Beijing 101149

Abstract】ObjectiveTo explore the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment of pulmonary carcinosarcoma and blastoma. MethodsSummarizing retrospectively 15 cases of pulmonary carcinosarcoma and 2 cases of pulmonary blastoma from January 1979 to November 1998, and reviewing literature to analyse their histologic, clinical feature,diagnosis and treament. ResultsPulmonary carcinosarcoma and blastoma both were found to be rare malignant tumors, and both epithelial and mesenchymal elements can be seen under the microscopy with different characteristic features. It was hard to be diagnosed before operation. The main symptoms of pulmonary carcinosarcoma were cough, expectoration, sometimes bloody phlegm. X-ray showed that peripheral type were most common, and 2~5 cm in size, well-distributed in density, some showed central or eccentric cavities whose wall was irregular. The margin of the focuses were clear, leafy, the distensive lymph nodes of hilum or mediastium could also be seen. Bronchoscopic examination revealed the bronchial cavity was obstructed by mass or became stricted. Local biopsy can found squamous, adenocarcinoma or large cell carcinoma, respectively. Malignant cell can also be found in sputum. So it was easy to be confused with lung cancer.14 cases of the carcinosarcoma were treated surgically and diagnosed, 1 case was diagnosed by lymph node biopsy. The symptoms of pulmonary blastoma were fever and hemoptysis. X-ray or CT scan showed an isolated mass in the lung, with uneven density. Malignant cells in pleural effusion were found in one case and can not be diagnosed definetely but by pulmonary puncture. The another case was diagnosed by surgical operation. 15 cases of this group were followed up, in which 4 cases are still alive(including 1 case of pulmonary blastoma),the 1-year survival of carcinosarcoma is 30%(3/10),2-year survival 20%(2/10),in which 1 case survived more than 6 years. Another pulmonary blastoma case only survived 3 months. ConclusionsThese 2 kinds of malignant tumor are often easy to be misdiagnosed, and prognosis is very poor. Surgical resection is the main method of diagnosis and treatment.

Key words】Pulmonary carcinosarcomaPulmonary blastomaDiagnosisSurgical treatment

癌肉瘤最多见于子宫,亦可见于鼻咽部、乳腺、支气管、膀胱及食道等处。原发性肺癌肉瘤(pulmonary carcinosarcoma)罕见,通常在手术前多不能明确诊断,易与原发性肺癌、肺结核球相混淆,手术前很难确诊,需手术方能确诊。肺母细胞瘤(pulmonary blastoma)由于其与癌肉瘤皆有上皮和间质两种成分,但又有其不同的特点,故很难鉴别。我们收集了1979年1月~1998年11月经手术证实的资料完整的肺癌肉瘤15例及肺母细胞瘤2例,结合文献一同报告如下。

临床资料

一、一般资料

经组织病理学证实的资料完整的15例癌肉瘤病例,年龄26~69岁,平均年龄为56.6岁。男性11例,女性4例。主要症状为咳嗽(11/15)、咳痰(8/15)、血丝痰(10/15),亦可见咯血(1/15)、胸痛(3/15)、发热(3/15)、盗汗(1/15)、乏力(4/15)。病程(自有症状开始或X线发现病灶至入院前)为1周~2年,平均时间为18.8周。

2例肺母细胞瘤患者,年龄为11和41岁,男女各1例,主要症状为发热(2/2)、咯血(1/2),病程分别为1周和2个月。

二、X线表现及CT检查

15例癌肉瘤患者X线检查发现病灶位于左肺8例、右肺7例,位于上叶前段3例、上叶尖后段5例、中叶1例、下叶后基底段2例、上叶后段及下叶尖段跨叶1例,下叶尖段2例,中心型3例,周围型12例。病灶大小:<2 cm者1例、2~5 cm者9例、>5 cm者5例。病灶内部结构:病灶密度均匀,有空洞(3/15),均为中心溶解,内壁不规则(2/15),偏心溶解(1/15)。病灶周围征象:边缘清楚,有分叶(3/15),有毛刺(3/15),远端有阻塞性炎症(2/15),还可见肺门(2/15)及纵隔淋巴结肿大(3/15)。 15例癌肉瘤中行胸部CT检查者7例,显示肺内肿块影,可见纵隔淋巴结肿大,其中1例可见不规则肿块,其内可见含液含气溶解区,并可见带状钙化,与降主动脉粘连,肺门及纵隔淋巴结肿大;1例可见病灶后外侧内呈不规则条状低密度气影,病灶边缘毛糙,伴分叶改变,纵隔淋巴结肿大。

2例肺母细胞瘤1例位于左肺上叶前段,X线表现为4 cm×6 cm大小圆形阴影,密度欠均匀,边缘光滑。CT检查示此肿块与前上纵隔紧密相连。1例左肺下叶巨大肿块,无法测量,CT检查示左下叶支气管被肿物阻塞,肿物内部密度不均匀,可见少量液体。

三、支气管镜检查

15例癌肉瘤中11例行支气管镜检查,其中3例可见肿物阻塞管腔,活检分别可见恶性大细胞、腺癌、鳞癌和少量腺癌细胞。3例管腔狭窄,粘膜粗糙,活检可见腺癌、鳞癌组织各1例,1例阴性。2例支气管镜轻度受压,3例支气管镜检查未见异常。2例肺母细胞瘤中1例可见支气管粘膜肥厚,刷检阴性。

四、细胞学检查

15例癌肉瘤痰细胞学阳性7例 ,1例查到鳞癌、鳞腺癌细胞各1次,3例查到腺癌细胞,3例查到鳞癌细胞,余8例均为阴性。2例肺母细胞瘤痰检均为阴性,1例胸腔积液中可见恶性肿瘤细胞,无细胞类型。

五、治疗

15例癌肉瘤中术前诊断为肺结核球5例,肺癌10例,14例行手术治疗,其中12例行肺叶切除,包括1例支气管袖状成型术和2例行全肺切除。1例因锁骨上淋巴结转移活检病理证实为癌肉瘤而未能手术者,行胸部及锁骨上放射治疗,后出现腹腔内多发脏器转移而放弃治疗。术后病理报告:2例为大细胞混合纤维肉瘤,4例腺癌混合平滑肌瘤,3例腺癌混合纤维肉瘤,4例鳞腺癌混合纤维肉瘤,1例鳞癌混合纤维肉瘤,1例为鳞癌混合平滑肌肉瘤。15例中3例行术后化疗,主要治疗方案为COM(环磷酰胺,长春新碱,丝裂霉素)、CAP(环磷酰胺,阿霉素,顺铂)、CE(卡铂,足叶乙甙)、ECOM(足叶乙甙,环磷酰胺,长春新碱,丝裂霉素)。2例肺母细胞瘤1例经肺穿刺活检证实,1例行肺叶切除术后病理证实,光镜下均可见不成熟的上皮和间质两种成分。全组术后随访15例(2例癌肉瘤失访),随访率88%。其中4例(包括1例肺母细胞瘤)随访时仍健在,分别为术后2、5、6和8个月。癌肉瘤1年生存率为30%(3/10),2年生存率20%(2/10),其中1例生存6年以上。另1例肺母细胞瘤仅生存3个月。

讨论

一、组织发生与病理类型

这两种肿瘤不论在光镜下或超微结构上均有相似之处,故在组织发生上二者有密切关系。

肺癌肉瘤于1908年由Kika首次报道[1],到目前国内文献可查到的仅有64例[2]。文献对其组织发生形成说法不一。Jenkins[3]认为此瘤以癌为主,肉瘤是结缔组织的反应增生。Willis或Liebow认为是原先存在的癌的间质发生肉瘤变。Razzuk等[4]认为癌与肉瘤的来源不同,否认同一肿瘤的形态学<