【摘要】目的研究罕见的发作性疾病——发作性舞蹈徐动症的临床特点。方法回顾性分析典型的发作性舞蹈徐动症16 例,阐述该病的特异性,并综合文献,简述其发病机制及遗传规律。结果男性13例,女性3例,发病年龄7~23岁(平均13岁)。5例有家族史(31%),考虑为常染色体显性遗传。其临床表现为发作性一侧或双侧肢体、躯干不自主运动伴构音障碍、双眼上视。诱发因素为突然运动、紧张、疲劳、惊吓。持续时间 5~20 s,不超过2 min。发作时无意识障碍,发作间歇期完全正常。对卡马西平类药物有良好疗效。结论发作性舞蹈徐动症是一种由运动诱发的、短暂的发作性局部或全身不随意运动,为常染色体显性遗传,用抗癫痫药疗效好。
Clinical analysis of 16 patients with paroxysmal choreoathetosis
ZHOU Xiangqin
(Department of Neurology,Peking Union Medical College Hospital,Beijing 100730,China)
WU Liwen,KONG Jiechen
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical characteristics of patient with paroxysmal choreoathetosis(PC).Method16 patients with PC from 1996 to 1998 at the Epilepsy Center of PUMC hospital were analyzed for 1 to 3 years of follow-up period.ResultsThere were 13 men and 3 women.The age onset of the condition ranged from 7 to 23 years with a mean of 13 years.Five patients (31%) had a family history of condition and the mode of inheritance was suggestive of an autosomal dominent pattern.It was characterized periodic involuntary movements of one side or both sides of the limbs,trunks,head and were often associated with dysarthria and upward gaze.The paroxysms were precipitated with sudden movement,stress,fatigue and frightening.They lasted each time usually 5 to 20 seconds and never more than two minutes.During the attack consciousness was never lost.All laboratory tests including electroencephalogram and neuroimaging studies showed no abnormality.All patients responded well to carbamazepine and has a benign course.Conclusion Paroxysmal choreoathetosis is characterized by short paroxysms of focal or generalized involuntary movement induced by sudden movements,and transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait.Antiepilepsy drugs were effective in the treatment of this disease.
【Key words】Chorea;Athetosis
发作性舞蹈徐动症是一种罕见的发作性疾病,为常染色体显性遗传,基因定位于常染色体2q上,但散发的病例亦不少见。以肢体、头和躯干不自主运动为临床特征,常有诱发因素。目前,国外文献报道越来越多。现将1996~1998年就诊于我院癫痫中心的患者中,临床诊断为发作性舞蹈徐动症的16例患者资料报道如下。
临床资料
一、一般资料
男性13例,女性3例。年龄9~37岁,平均19岁。最小起病年龄7岁,最大起病年龄23岁,平均起病年龄13岁,平均病程6.5年。5例(31%)有家族史。
二、临床表现
1.发病形式:发作性一侧或双侧肢体、头和躯干不自主运动伴构音障碍、双眼发直11例(70%),四肢发僵伴双眼发直、构音障碍5例(30%)。
2.诱发因素:(1)活动, 16例均可由突然运动诱发犯病,其中9例于活动一段时间后亦可犯病;(2)紧张,8例(50%)紧张时可诱发犯病;(3)惊吓,3例(19%)于惊吓时犯病。
3.发作时间:除1例偶在睡眠中发作外,余均在白天发作。
4.发作频率:每周均有1~6次发作。
5.持续时间:最短3~4 s,最长不超过2 min,12例( 75%)持续时间在10 s以内。
6.意识状态:发作过程中意识清楚,发作间歇期完全正常。
结果
1.神经系统及神经影像学检查:神经系统检查未发现局灶体征。7例做头颅 CT及头颅MRI检查均正常。
2.脑电图(EEG)检查:16例做发作间歇期的清醒和睡眠EEG检查,均正常。4例于EEG描计过程中诱发发作,但EEG均正常。
3.血生化检查:7例患者查血钙、磷、葡萄糖和丙酮酸及运动前后血乳酸均正常。
4.肌电图(EMG):7例做EMG检查,6例正常,1例左上肢周围神经源性损害。
5.治疗:16例患者均给予卡马西平或得理多治疗,随诊1~3年,效果良好,临床症状消失,维持量100~200 mg/d。
讨论
过去认为,发作性舞蹈徐动症是极为罕见的,但从目前国外文献报道及我院癫痫中心成立后2年收集到16例患者来看并不少见。中国是一个13亿人口的大国,报道不多的原因是:①该病发作时意识清楚,发作过程对患者影响不大,该病是一个良性过程,故大多数农村患者不去就医;②该病为发作性,发作形式固定,持续时间短,对抗癫痫药反应良好,故常误诊为癫痫;③该病患者所有实验室检查均正常,常误诊为癔病或心因性疾病。
自1940年Mount和Reback报道了家族性发作性舞蹈徐动症以来,类似报道越来越多[1-8],临床上主要分2型,即发作性运动性舞蹈徐动症(PKC)和发作性肌张力障碍舞蹈徐动症(PDC)。PDC易称Mount-Reback型。家族性PKC和PDC为常染色体显性遗传,其基因定位在常染色体2q上[2,3,5,6,9,10]。从我们的资料中可以看出,所有患者发作持续时间短,均可由突然运动诱发,应归为PKC型。5例有家族史,为常染色体显性遗传,余均为散发。这与文献报道[8]一致。我们的病例均做了发作间歇期EEG,且均正常,4例发作期EEG亦正常。头颅影像学检查均正常,与文献报道一致。同时为了排除代谢性疾病,我们有7例做了EMG检查,6例正常,1例左上肢周围神经源性损害,但文献未见曾做EMG检查的报道。该例EMG不正常与本病有无关系,应进一步观察。
目前,本病的发病机制仍不清楚,推测可能与内分泌功能异常、离子通道发作性异常有关[2],或与黑质-纹状体缺乏少量多巴胺合成、过度饮酒和咖啡、突然运动诱发多巴胺失效有关[5],或与还未发现的生化异常有关[11]。
由于本病为发作性疾病,实验室检查结果均正常,故需与心因性疾病、癔病、癫痫、胰岛细胞瘤所致低血糖而引起PDC[12]及基底节病变引起的PDC[13]等疾病鉴别。
本组病例经1~3年随诊,用卡马西平类药物治疗效果良好,临床发作停止,患者均能正常学习和工作,也说明该病是一个良性过程。
参考文献
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