Effects of platelet-derived growth factor on the proliferation of hepatic stellate cells and their expressions of genes of collagens and platelet-derived growth factor
LIU XuesongZHANG JinshengZHANG Yue′e.
(Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical University, Shanghai 200032, China)
AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the effects of PDGF on the proliferation of rat HSC, its gene expression of collagens and the autocrine excretion of PDGF in vitro.Methods3H-TdR incorporation was used to estimate the DNA synthesis elicited by PDGF, TGF-β1 and EGF in HSC cultured in an absolutely serum-free medium. Northern blot was employed to detect the levels of mRNA expressions of type Ⅰ and Ⅲ procollagens and PDGF induced by PDGF added in the same medium for HSC.ResultsBoth PDGF and EGF enabled to stimulate the proliferation of HSC in a dose-dependent manner, and the effect of the former was stronger. The proliferation was dose-dependently increased in PDGF and EGF with a dosage between 0.5 and 10 ng/ml, and the synthesis of DNA became saturated when the dosage was over 10 ng/ml. TGF-β1 gave no effects on the proliferation of HSC under current experimental condition. Furthermore, PDGF was able to enhance the mRNA expression for type Ⅰ and Ⅲ procollagens and PDGF itself. The promoting effect for the expressions of type Ⅰ and Ⅲ procollagen mRNAs by PDGF was bi-phasic between 6 to 48 hours of the cultivation. For type Ⅰ procollagen, mRNA expression began to increase 12 hours after PDGF stimulation, and the increase became prominent at 48 hours. For type Ⅲ procollagen, an increase of mRNA expression was seen before the stimulation of PDGF, and the expression level was comparatively increased 48 hours later. The mRNA expression of PDGF was increased by 2-3 times 6 hours after PDGF stimulation, and back to the original level 24 hours later.ConclusionsPDGF enabled to promote the proliferation of HSC and expression of collagens in HSC. The bi-phasic effect on the expression of collagens may be interrelated with the autocrine excretion of PDGF.
KeywordsPlatelet-derived growth factor;Collagen;Gene expression regulation;Liver cirrhosis
肝星状细胞(HSC)又名肝贮脂细胞或Ito细胞,在肝纤维化的发生发展中起重要作用。肝损伤因子引起的肝细胞损害可刺激Kupffer细胞释放血小板源生长因子(PDGF)、转化生长因子(TGF)等多种细胞因子,激活肝星状细胞增生、转化为肌成纤维细胞样肝星状细胞,合成、分泌大量细胞外基质,参与肝纤维化的发生。PDGF是机体最重要的促细胞分裂因子,其在动脉粥样硬化、骨髓纤维化、系统硬化症以及肺纤维化中的作用多有报道[1],虽然体外细胞培养业已观察到PDGF有较强的刺激肝星状细胞增殖作用[2],但其实验使用的是低浓度血清培养基,无法排除血清中其他细胞因子的作用,故我们采用无血清培养基对PDGF的促肝星状细胞增殖作用做进一步观察;同时检测PDGF对肝星状细胞的Ⅰ、Ⅲ型前胶原和PDGF-B等基因表达的影响。以进一步证实PDGF在肝纤维化发生中的作用。
材料与方法
1.大鼠肝星状细胞的分离和培养:依袁桃霞等[3]方法分离大鼠(SD种,体重400 g左右,本院动物部提供)肝星状细胞,以105/ml细胞数接种于48孔培养板或培养瓶,细胞生长于含20%小牛血清、青霉素(100 U/ml)、链霉素(100 μg/ml)、10 mmol/L Hepes的DMEM培养基(pH 7.0)中,37℃恒温, 5% CO2培养(Heraeus培养箱)。48 h换液,去除未贴壁细胞,以后每72 h换液。
2.细胞增殖的检测:生长于48孔培养板的肝星状细胞培养5 d后,换QBSF56无血清培养基(Sigma产品)培养2 d,然后分别加入下列剂量的细胞因子:PDGF-BB(Oncogene公司)、EGF(Sigma公司)、TGF-β1(R & D Systems公司)各0.5、1.0、5.0、10.0、25.0 ng/ml。每一剂量重复3孔,同时加入3H-TdR 37 kBq/孔。24 h后中止反应,细胞转移至F49滤纸,液闪仪(Beckman公司)计数cpm。
3.肝星状细胞的PDGF处理及总RNA抽提:接种于培养瓶的肝星状细胞经DMEM(含20%小牛血清)培养5 d后,换QBSF56无血清培养基培养2 d,然后添加PDGF-BB 5 ng/ml,分别作用6、12、24和48 h,之后以108细胞经原位变性溶解细胞抽提总RNA。经RNA定量后,各样品取10 μg总RNA行甲醛变性凝胶电泳,并行Northern印迹后转移至尼龙膜。
4.肝星状细胞Ⅰ、Ⅲ型前胶原及PDGF-B的mRNA表达的检测:大鼠α1 (Ⅰ)和人α1(Ⅲ)cDNA(由美国康涅狄格大学David Rowe教授惠赠)及人PDGF-B cDNA(美国密苏里州血液科肿瘤研究所Lee Rataer教授惠赠)片段长度分别为1.3、0.7和0.45 kb,重组质粒转化冻存菌液经LB培养基扩增后,以碱变性法抽提质粒DNA,经限制性酶消化后,用透析袋洗脱回收各探针。随机引物法(Amersham公司)标记32P后与肝星状细胞Northern印迹尼龙膜杂交24 h。X光片-70℃曝光10 d后显影。另取甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GAPDH)-cDNA探针与尼龙膜杂交作为内参。
结果
1.PDGF对肝星状细胞增殖的影响:经无血清培养基培养的大鼠肝星状细胞经不同浓度的PDGF、EGF和TGF-β1作用24 h,3H-TdR标记法观察。结果表明,PDGF和EGF均可促进肝星状细胞的DNA合成,有明显的促肝星状细胞增殖的作用,其作用在0.5~10 ng/ml之间呈剂量依赖性增强,剂量大于10 ng/ml时,促DNA合成的作用达到饱和。PDGF和EGF相比,前者的促肝星状细胞增殖的效应更为明显。而TGF-β1则没有促进肝星状细胞的3H-TdR掺入的作用(图1)。
图1PDGF-BB、EGF、TGF-β1对肝星状细胞3H-TdR掺入的影响
2.PDGF对肝星状细胞的Ⅰ、Ⅲ型前胶原mRNA水平的影响:体外培养肝星状细胞给予PDGF刺激12 h ,见Ⅰ型前胶原mRNA表达已有增强,随后下降,至48 h Ⅰ型前胶原mRNA表达显著增强;Ⅲ型前胶原mRNA水平在添加PDGF 12 h即见表达增强,随后下降,48 h再度低水平增强(图2)。
3.体外培养大鼠肝星状细胞可表达PDGF-B mRNA,在给予PDGF-BB刺激后6 h,可见PDGF-B mRNA表达增加2~3倍,至24 h恢复到刺激前水平(图2)。
讨论
在病理条件下肝星状细胞被激活、分化,大量增生并分泌细胞外基质,从而成为肝纤维化发生发展的主要参与者。肝星状细胞的激活、增生被认为主要是受Kupffer细胞释放的多种细胞生长因子所调节,Kupffer细胞的培养上清可促进肝星状细胞的增殖,但这种作用可被抗PDGF抗体阻断相当一部分,显示了PDGF在促进肝星状细胞增殖上的重要作用[4]。PDGF是机体重要的促分裂因子,有A、B两条肽链,通过二硫链连接形成,可有AA,BB,AB 3种结合形式,它通过与靶细胞上的受体结合而发挥其生物学效应。PDGF受体也有α、β两型, α型受体与A链或B链结合, 而β型受体则只能与B链结合。研究证明, 大鼠肝星状细胞只有β型受体,只能于PDGF-B链结合[5]。Pinzani等[2]曾报道了PDGF对肝星状细胞增殖的刺激作用,但其实验中使用的是低浓度血清培养基,这样在添加PDGF等细胞因子时就没有完全去除其他细胞因子的影响,其结果为以PDGF为主的综合效应。本实验中肝星状细胞采用了严格的无血清培养,结果PDGF-BB仍<
