Expression of telomerase genes in human tumors
YUAN XinZHANG BoYING JianmingJIN YanyanHOU Lin
(Department of Pathology, Beijing Medical University, Beijing 100083, China)
AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the correlation between the expression of telomerase genes and malignant phenotypes of human tumors and to compare the expression of telomerase genes and its activity reported in order to evaluate the role of detection of telomerase genes in tumor diagnosis.MethodsWith in situ hybridization, the expression and distribution of telomerase hTR and hTRT genes were observed in 78 cases of human cancer tissues, 20 cases of precancerous lesions and 28 of benign lesions. The results were statistically analyzed.ResultshTR and hTRT were detected in 85% (66/78) and 82% (64/78) of the primary cancers. While in the adjacent tissues, the positive rates were only 3% (2/78) and 5% (4/78). In 20 precancerous cases, the positive rate for hTR and hTRT were 20% (4/20) and 15% (3/20) and the positive cases in 28 benign lesions were 0 and 1/28 (4%), respectively. The positive detection of hTR and hTRT expression in cancer group were significantly different from those in the adjacent tissues, precancerous cases and benign lesion group (P<0.01). In analysing main types of the human cancers, the positive frequency of hTR and hTRT were 94%(15/16) and 88%(14/16) for the breast cancer, 85%(17/20) and 90%(18/20) for the colon cancer, 80%(8/10) and 80%(8/10) for the gallbladder cancer, 75%(6/8)and 75%(6/8) for the lung cancer, 75%(6/8) and 75%(6/8)for the stomach cancer, and 83%(5/6) and 83%(5/6) for the esophagus cancer, respectively. The expression level of telomerase hTR and hTRT correlated well with the malignancy and metastatic potentials in breast cancer, colon cancer and bladder cancer. Besides, the expressions of hTR and hTRT were noticed to be also highly correlated (P<0.01).ConclusionsThe expression of telomerase genes correlates with tumor malignant phenotypes, and may reflect the progression of tumors, and the detection of telomerase gene expression may be useful in a retrospective cancer research. It is worthwhile for further study to clarify whether screening of telomerase gene expression is able to become a new index for tumor diagnosis and prognosis.
KeywordsTelomerase;Tumors;Gene expression
端粒-端粒酶作为调节细胞分裂寿命的基础,近年来日益成为癌生物学界关注的热点[1]。本室曾克隆人端粒酶逆转录酶基因(hTRT)并初步研究其与端粒酶RNA基因(hTR)表达的一致性,以及与人肿瘤的关系[2]。我们进一步对常见的人肿瘤组织进行了hTR、hTRT基因表达的检测,并比较其在良性病变和癌前病变的表达情况,探讨端粒酶基因表达与癌变、癌细胞生物学行为及其端粒酶活性的关系;评价在石蜡标本上端粒酶基因表达检测对肿瘤诊断的价值。
材料和方法
1.材料:北京医科大学病理学系1997年1月~10月的存档蜡块,共126例。其中18例为内镜活检标本。按WHO统一分类标准,癌症78例,其中乳腺癌16例,结直肠癌20例,膀胱癌10例,肺癌8例,胃癌8例,食管癌6例,子宫内膜癌、宫颈癌各3例,前列腺癌、阴茎鳞癌各2例。癌前病变20例,其中结直肠腺瘤(Ⅰ~Ⅲ级)13例,伴不典型增生的乳腺增生症6例,乳腺导管内乳头状瘤1例。良性肿瘤、良性病变28例,其中乳腺纤维腺瘤、卵巢畸胎瘤、子宫内膜增生症、子宫内膜息肉、声带息肉、慢性胆囊炎各3例,结肠慢性炎、胃粘膜慢性炎各4例,腮腺混合瘤2例。病例均经2名以上病理专家诊断核实。所有标本组织经4%甲醛固定,常规石蜡包埋,切片。
2.主要试剂:pGRN83hTR 含全长人端粒酶RNA基因cDNA,由美国Cold Spring Harbor实验室Greider C.W. 教授惠赠。pBSTRT含人端粒酶催化亚单位部分基因cDNA,由本实验室克隆构建[2]。BamHⅠ,SalⅠ,MluⅠ,XbaⅠ(华美公司),T3,T7 RNA聚合酶(Promega公司),RNasin(GIBCO-BRL公司)。 甲酰胺,鲑精 DNA(ssDNA),硫酸葡聚糖,DTT(1,4-二巯苏糖醇), 购自Sigma公司。10×Dig-rNTPs,氮蓝四唑/五溴-四氯-三吲哚磷酸酯(NBT/ BCIP),Anti-digoxigenin-AP(BM公司),蛋白酶 K (Merck公司)。
3.探针制备:地高辛标记的hTR-cRNA探针: pGRN83hTR的MluⅠ酶切线性化片段 1 μg,5×RNA多聚酶缓冲液4 μl,100 mmol/L DTT 1 μl,10×Dig-rNTPs 2 μl, RNasin 0.5 μl,T7 RNA 聚合酶 1 μl,37 ℃孵育1 h,1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测转录产物, 然后经乙醇沉淀,于80%甲酰胺融解,-20℃保存。 hTRT-cRNA探针:pBSTRT经SalⅠ酶切线性化,用T3 RNA 聚合酶同上制备。hTR,hTRT-sense RNA探针:分别以SalⅠ, BamHⅠ线性化质粒,同上以Sp6,T7 RNA 聚合酶转录制备。
4.原位杂交:常规石蜡切片二甲苯脱蜡,乙醇水化。0.2 mmol/L HCl作用15 min。蛋白酶K消化(200 μg/ml),37 ℃,15~20 min。4%多聚甲醛处理10 min。95%冰乙醇脱水1~2 min。滴加杂交液20 μl/片(杂交液成分:50%甲酰胺,ssDNA 100 μg/ml,探针20 ng,50 mmol/L DTT,5×Denhardt液,5%硫酸葡聚糖,4×SSC),42℃反应16~20 h。2×SSC洗3次,55 ℃,每次20 min。0.2×SSC洗2次,室温,每次15 min。马血清(1∶100)封闭30 min,Anti-Digoxingenin-AP(1∶500)37 ℃孵育1 h。缓冲液Ⅰ(pH 7.5,Tris-HCl 100 mmol/L,NaCl 150 mmol/L)洗涤20 min,缓冲液Ⅲ(pH 9.5 Tris-HCl 100 mmol/L, NaCl 100 mmol/L,MgCl2 50 mmol/L)处理5 min。NBT/BCIP显色(175~450 μg/ml)30 min,终止,蛋白甘油封片。
5.结果判断:阳性信号为蓝紫色颗粒,hTR为胞核和胞质着色,而hTRT为胞质显色。阴性:细胞不显色。分级:弱阳性(+):阳性信号面积<25%;阳性(++):阳性信号面积达25%~50%;强阳性(+++):阳性信号面积>50%。阴性对照:分别以sense探针,不加探针及RNA酶处理切片为空白对照。
6.统计学处理:χ2检验。
结果
1.hTR的表达:hTR阳性信号位于胞质或胞核内,呈蓝紫色颗粒。78 例癌标本中,66例hTR表达,阳性率为85%。其中阳性检出分别为乳腺癌15/16(图1),结直肠癌17/20(图2),膀胱癌8/10,肺癌6/8,胃癌6/8,食管癌5/6。癌旁组织:78例癌中,2例结直肠癌癌旁病变为阳性,阳性率为3%。其余均阴性。20例癌前病变中,4例hTR表达,阳性率为20%,其中,13例肠腺瘤(Ⅰ~Ⅲ级)中阳性3例(图3)。6例伴不典型增生的乳腺增生症为阴性,1例乳腺导管内乳头状瘤阳性。28例良性肿瘤及良性病变中,均无hTR表达。经统计学分析: 癌组织中hTR的表达阳性率较癌前病变,良性病变差异有显著性(P<0.01)。而各癌组间差异无显著性(P>0.05)。与癌的分期、分级的关系见表1~3。端粒酶基因表达水平与癌的分级,分期及淋巴结转移呈正相关趋势。
2.hTRT的表达:hTRT阳性信号位于胞质内。78例癌标本中,64 例hTRT表达,阳性率为82%。其中阳性检出分别为乳腺癌14/16(图4),结直肠癌18/20(图5),膀胱癌8/10,肺癌6/8,胃癌6/8,食管癌5/6例。癌旁组织:78例癌中,3例结直肠癌、1例子宫内膜癌的癌旁病变中有阳性信号,阳性率占5%。其余癌组织周围的正常组织为阴性。20例癌前病变中,3例hTRT阳性,其中,13例肠腺瘤(Ⅰ~Ⅲ级)中有2例阳性(图6),6例伴不典型增生的乳腺增生症阴性,1例乳腺导管内乳头状瘤阳性。28例良性肿瘤及良性病变中,hTRT总阳性率为6%。经统计学分析:癌组织中hTRT的表达阳性率较癌前病变、良性病变差异有显著性(P<0.01)。而各癌组间差异无显著性(P>0.05)。与癌的分期、分级的关系见表1~3。
