中图分类号:R373.2+2文献标识码:A
文章编号:1006-916X(2000)02-0067-05
Molecular Analysis of the Wild TypeⅠPolioviruses Isolated in Qinghai Province,1999
HOU Xiao-hui, ZHANG Li-bi, FANG Yong, et al.
National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis, CAPM, Beijing 100050, China.
Abstract: Most poliomyelitis cases and heavy outbreaks in China before Oct. 1994 were caused by wild type Ⅰ poliovirus〔3-5〕. No wild type Ⅱ poliovirus but only one wild type Ⅲ poliovirus was reported in China〔6〕. In the years of 1995 and 1996, two wild type Ⅰ polioviruses〔1〕 and two wild type Ⅲ polioviruses〔2〕 imported from Myanmar were reported in Yunnan Province respectively. It has been five years that no indigenous wild poliovirus was isolated in China since the end of year 1994. However, two wild type Ⅰ polioviruses (PV1/QH3274/CHN99 and C3275c) were isolated recently from Xunhua county, Qinghai Province of China. PV1/QH3274/CHN99 was from an AFP case, a sixteen-month-old boy. Another isolate, C3275c, was from his close contact. The sequence of VP1 coding region (300nt) had been identified. No nucleotide difference was found between the two viruses in the 300nt length of VP1 coding region. We compared the homology and analyzed the sequence data of VP1 coding region by computer with the Neighbor Join and Bootstrap methods. The homology with the indigenous wild strains ranges from 77.6% to 82.27%, but it is more than 85% compared with that of the isolates from South Asia. It is acknowledged that the viruses will belong to different subgenetic groups if their homology is less than 85 percent〔9,10〕. The result thus shows that PV1/QH3274/CHN99 and C3275c have a farther genetic relationship with type Ⅰ wild polioviruses epidemic during 1989-1994 in China than with those during 1998-1999 in outh Asia, so this indicates that they are very likely the imported viruses. Although the homology with PV1/99031804/MMR99 is up to 93.38%, PV1/QH3274/CHN99 has the closest relations hips with the PV1/99010389/IND98 and PV1/99010408/IND98 in the dendrogram.
Key words: Type Ⅰ wild poliovirus; Sequence; Homology; Neighbor Join and Bootstrap methods
自从Sabin活疫苗问世以来,世界范围内的脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)大流行得到了有效的控制,美洲及日本等国家和地区已经率先实现了本地区范围内无脊灰的目标。世界卫生大会(WHA)1988年决定全球在2000年消灭脊灰。在中国流行的脊灰野病毒以Ⅰ型为主,大致可分为4种基因型〔3~5〕,但1993年在新疆维吾尔自治区分离、鉴定出1株脊灰Ⅲ型野病毒〔6〕。我国政府和各级卫生行政部门对消灭脊灰高度重视,不仅组建了遍布全国的急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例监测网络,而且在常规免疫的基础上,从1993年开始每年增加了2轮强化免疫活动,有效地控制和阻断了脊灰野病毒的流行。近年来脊灰病例大幅度下降,野病毒发现地区不断减少,1994年10月以来全国未再发现有本土野病毒。但鉴于中国地域辽阔,人口众多,而且周边国家仍有脊灰野病毒的流行,所以我们从来没有放松过实验室脊灰病毒监测,于1995年在云南省分离出Ⅰ型野病毒,1996年分离出Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型野病毒,证明病毒是由境外传入国内。本文报道从青海省循化撒拉族自治县1999年1例AFP病例粪便标本中分离到1株脊灰病毒,经过细胞传代,中和定型,PCR-RFLP分析〔7、8〕,编码病毒VP1片段基因序列测定,该毒株被鉴定为脊灰Ⅰ型野毒株。通过与周边国家流行脊灰Ⅰ型野病毒相同区段序列的比较,发现该病毒与国内曾经流行的脊灰Ⅰ型野毒株在所分析的序列区段上同源性有较大差异,同源性为77.6%~82.27%;而与我国一些周边国家近年流行株有较大的同源性,同源性在87.67%~93.38%。这提示该毒株从境外传入的可能性较大。这对及时掌握我国脊灰动态,研究对策,采取措施,进一步控制和阻断脊灰病毒的传播有重大意义。
材料与方法
1病毒标本PV1/QH3274/CHN99病毒标本来自青海省循化撒拉族自治县1名16月龄从未服用脊灰活疫苗的男性AFP病例;C3275c病毒标本来自于其密切接触者,1名4岁的女性儿童。毒株由青海省卫生防疫站分离并初步鉴定后,中国预防医学科学院国家脊灰实验室做进一步的鉴定并用分子生物学方法分析。
2参考病毒基因序列1989~1993年国内脊灰病毒序列取自本室前期工作。标准疫苗SabinⅠ序列来自GeneBank。印度、柬埔寨、孟加拉、巴基斯坦、阿富汗和伊朗部分毒株序列由美国疾病控制和预防中心(CDC)Dr.Olen Kew提供。
3引物UG1: 5′-TTTGTGTCAGCGTGTAATGA-
3′; UC1: 5′-GAATTCCATGTCAAATCTAGA-3′。
UG1为上游引物,对应于SabinⅠ序列的第2 402~2 421位核苷,UC1为下游引物,对应于SabinⅠ序列的第2 881~2 861位核苷。引物设计参照Balanant方法〔7〕,在上海生工生物公司合成。
4PCR-RFLP500μl细胞培养病毒悬液用酚-氯仿法提取病毒核酸,所得病毒RNA先由引物UC1进行逆转录反应,再加入上游引物UG1,在Perkin Elmer公司的GeneAMP PCR System9600上进行扩增反应,条件是:94℃20秒,45℃20秒,72℃30秒,共30个循环。所得产物cDNA长度为480bp。产物分别用DdeⅠ、HpaⅡ和HaeⅢ3种限制性内切酶做限制性片段长度多形性(RELP)分析。
5自动测序测序采用Sanger末端双脱氧终止法。扩增后的PCR产物经QIA quick kits纯化后,用Taq DyedeoxyTM Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit(Biosystem,INC,USA)进行标记反应,所用引物与PCR所用引物相同。样品经过4.75%聚丙烯酰胺和含8.3mol/L尿素的凝胶电泳分析,在377-18A Sequencer System(PE Corporation,USA)自动测序仪中测序。参考ABI操作方法(Prism Ready Reaction Dideoxy Termination Cycle Sequencing Kit,Applied Biosystem,Inc,USA)从两个方向进行测序,所得两段互补测序结果可以相互校正,以提高核酸序列的准确性。
结果
1PCR-RFLP分析
扩增后的480bp核苷酸片段分别用3种限制性内切酶切割后经电泳分析,480bp的SabinⅠ被DdeⅠ切割为两段,长度分别为360bp和120bp;被HpaⅡ切割为两段,长度分别为278bp和202bp;被HaeⅡ切割为3段,长度分别为229bp、140bp和111bp。PV1/QH3274/CHN99被HaeⅡ切割为两段,长度分别为364bp和116bp;而在DdeⅠ和HpaⅡ酶切图谱上无酶切位点,均表现为480bp片段长度。其图形全部不同于SabinⅠ疫苗对照株的片段特征,故PV1/QH3274/CHN99及C3275c均为Ⅰ型脊灰野毒株,且PV1/QH3274/CHN99及C3275c酶切图谱完全相同(图1)。
1PCR-RFLP 3种酶切图谱
A:HpaⅡ;B:DdeⅠ;C:HaeⅢ1: DNA分子量对照(Φ×174/HaeⅢ);
2~10: 依次为Sabin Ⅰ,Sabin Ⅱ,Sabin Ⅲ,QH174/CHN93,QH175/CHN93,QH176/CHN93,QH177/CHN93,PV1/QH3274/CHN99,C3275c。
QH: Qinghai; C/CHN:China; c: Contact(接触者)。地区后的两位数字代表毒株流行年份。
2测序
通过比较双向cDNA产物的测序结果,可以得到PV1/QH3274/CHN99VPI和C3275c 2株病毒VP1区300个核苷基因序列。发现2株病毒序列完全相同,以下讨论仅以PV1/QH3274/CHN99为例。该序列从VP编码区起始点至第300位止(5′-3′)。
GGTTT
