A study on the correlation of quinolone resistance with mutationsin DNA gyrase gyrA and topoisomerase Ⅳ
parC genes in Salmonella typhi
XIAO Yonghong, WANG Qi′nan. The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing
University of Medical Sciences, Chongqing 400016, P.R.China
【 Abstract 】ObjectiveTo study the correlation of quinolone resistance with mutations in DNA gyrase gyrA and topoisomerase Ⅳ parC genes in Salmonella typhi. MethodsThe quinolone-resistance determining regions of gyrA and parC in Salmonella typhi 275(a clinically isolated strain, S275) and its spontaneous resistant mutant RG1 were sequenced. ResultsThe results showed that the sequenced regions of gyrA and parC in S275 had 92.51% and 97.01% homology with those of Escherichia coli respectively, which led to 3 and 6 substitutions in deduced amino acids in gyrA and parC. The gyrA and parC of S275 also had high homology in amino acid sequence as much as 60.92%. In comparison with S275, gyrA of RG1 had a mutation of T247 G which contributed to the substitution of Ser 83 to Ala in gyrA. No difference was found in parC of S275 and RG1. The MICs of quinolones on RG1 were higher than those on S275 by 32 folds or more. ConclusionThese results indicated that both DNA gyrase and topoisomerase Ⅳ of S.typhi are targets of quinolones while DNA gyrase is more important as the target molecules. Its mutation seems to be the major mechanism to explain quinolone-resistance in S.typhi.
【 Subject words 】Salmonella typhi; Quinolones; DNA gyrase; Topoisomerase Ⅳ; Sequence analysis
伤寒为我国常见传染病,氟喹诺酮类作为主要治疗药物受到广泛认可。喹诺酮类主要通过抑制细菌DNA复制、转录起到杀菌作用,其作用位点为DNA旋转酶。近年发现细菌DNA拓扑异构酶Ⅳ活性也受喹诺酮类抑制,与DNA旋转酶共同构成喹诺酮类作用靶位,对不同细菌两者所起作用有所差异,在革兰氏阳性菌拓扑异构酶Ⅳ为第一靶位〔1,2〕。为研究在伤寒沙门菌中两者所起作用,我们用临床分离喹诺酮敏感伤寒沙门菌275(简称S275)及其体外筛选的耐药菌RG1(简称RG1)对DNA旋转酶gyrA及拓扑异构酶ⅣparC基因之耐喹诺酮类决定区(quinolone-resistant determining region, QRDR)进行PCR扩增及核酸序列分析,结果如下。
材料与方法
菌株:伤寒沙门菌S275为我院1996年临床病人血培养分离所得对喹诺酮类敏感的菌株,用平板法筛选其耐药变异株RG1。挑取单个伤寒沙门菌S275菌落接种于10ml Mueller-Hinton肉汤(MHB,1000ml含牛肉浸膏5g,水解酪蛋白17.5g,可溶性淀粉1.5g),过夜培养后,以少许菌液均匀涂布于含4μg/ml(2×MIC)萘啶酸的Mueller-Hinton琼脂(MHA),37℃孵育48h后,得耐药变异株RG1,与S275共同用于下列研究。
抗菌药物及主要试剂:氧氟沙星(OFLX)由日本第一制药株式会社提供,环丙沙星(CPFX)为太原制药厂提供,萘啶酸购自Sigma公司。多聚酶链反应扩增DNA旋转酶A亚单位基因(gyrA)上游引物为:5′-TGTCCGAGATGGCCTGAAGC-3′,位于大肠埃希菌gyrA 108~127位碱基;下游引物为5′-TGCCGTCATAGTTATCAACG-3′,与大肠埃希菌gyrA 435~454位碱基互补。拓扑异构酶Ⅳ亚单位C基因(parC)上游引物为5′-GTATGCGATG TCTGAACTGG-3′,位于大肠埃希菌parC基因第163~182位碱基;下游引物5′-GTGGTGCCGTTAAGCAAA-3′与大肠埃希菌parC基因第517~534位碱基互补。上述引物均委托中国科学院微生物研究所基因工程中心合成。合成仪为Beckman Oligo 1000型。dNTP、Taq酶、限制性内切酶HinfⅠ、Wizard PCR产物纯化试剂盒、DNA银染试剂盒均购自Promega公司;DNA测序试剂盒为Perkin-Elmer之末端标记试剂盒。
药敏试验:以试管双倍稀释法测定抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。过夜生长的细菌,以生理盐水稀释为0.5麦氏单位,加入到倍比稀释抗生素的系列MHB中,使最终接种量为(104~105CFU)/ml,37℃孵育18h后观察结果,以确定抑制细菌生长的最低药物浓度(MIC)。
多聚酶链反应扩增gyrA与parC:参考文献方法〔3〕。1ml过夜培养的伤寒沙门菌10000×g,5min收集沉淀,加入600μl TE缓冲液(pH8.0)混悬,加入10%SDS 30μl,37℃孵育1h后,用等量酚、酚氯仿、氯仿抽提后作模板DNA。50μl反应混合物含10mmol/L Tris-HCl(pH9.0)、50mmol/L KCl、0.1% Triton X-100、1.5mmol/L MgCl2、0.2mmol/L dNTP、1U Taq酶、上下游引物各50pmol、DNA模板2μl。初始循环94℃,1.5min;60℃,2min;72℃,3min。后续94℃,1min;60℃,1min;72℃,3min;30循环。最后72℃延伸15min。产物以2%琼脂糖电泳,0.5μg/ml溴化乙锭染色,紫外光下观察结果。核酸相对分子质量标准为pBR322/HinfⅠ片段。
PCR产物测序:利用PCR产物纯化试剂盒,按产品说明纯化gyrA、parC PCR产物,纯化产物以前述引物为引物,用末端标记测序试剂盒,在Perkin-Elmer ABI 310型自动测序仪测序。
结果
1.药敏试验:NA、OFLX、CPFX对S275的MIC值分别为2、0.06、<0.03mg/L,对RG1则为512、2、1mg/L,较对伤寒沙门菌275明显上升32倍以上。
2.gyrA测序结果及推定氨基酸序列(图1、2):S275 gyrA QRDR与大肠埃希菌KL-16高度同源,两者仅23个碱基差异,占所测序列碱基的7.49%,且大部分为保守替换,推定氨基酸序列仅有3个差异,第45、49与56位氨基酸分别为Thr→His,Arg→Leu及Val→Gly变异〔4〕。RG1碱基仅于274位T→G变异,致相应第83位氨基酸由Ser→Ala变异,该位变异导致疏水性发生改变而与药物亲和力降低,细菌敏感性降低。
图1伤寒沙门菌与大肠埃希菌gyrA耐喹诺酮类决定区核苷酸序列(*示与S275相同)
Fig 1. The uncleotide sequence of gyrA QRDR in S.typhi and E.coli
*:indicated the same as that of S275
图2伤寒沙门菌与大肠埃希菌gyrA推定氨基酸序列(*示与S275相同)
Fig 2. The deduced amino acid sequence of gyrA QRDR in S.typhi and E.coli
* indicated the same as that of S275
3.parC测序结果及推定氨基酸序列(图3、4):S275 parC基因所测部分序列与大肠埃希菌高度同源,两者仅有10个碱基差异,占所测序列的2.99%,致推定氨基酸序列6处差异〔5〕。RG1与S275完全相同。
图3伤寒沙门菌与大肠埃希菌parC耐喹诺酮类决定区核苷酸序列("示与伤寒沙门菌相同)
Fig 3. The nucleotide sequence of parC QRDR in S.typhi and E.coli
′′ indicated the same as that of S.typhi
图4伤寒沙门菌与大肠埃希菌parC耐喹诺酮类决定区推定氨基酸序列(*示与伤寒沙门菌相同)
Fig 4. The deduced amino acid sequence of parC QRDR in S.typhi and E.coli
* indicated the same as that of S.typhi
伤寒沙门菌parC序列与gyrA比较,两者所测部分同源性高,推定氨基酸有60.92%(53/87)相同,尤以位于parC<
