Nucleotide sequencing of the S gene of a new hepatitis B virus immune escape mutant FANG Dexing, LIN Houji, LI Faqing, et al. Huadong Research Institute for Medical Biotechnics, Nanjing 210002
【 Abstract 】ObjectiveHepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) mutant of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the most important factors that result in immune escape and cause failure of immunization. To study the mutations occurring in the S gene of HBV in patients and to provide theoretical data for prevention of hepatitis B infection in China.MethodsA methodology combined with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifying, M13 bacteriophage cloning and nucleotide sequencing was used to analyse the sera of the pediatric patient who was hepatitis B immune failure.ResultsIt was found that there was an important point mutation at nt 551 of the HBV genome. The usual A was substituted with a G. The mutation would change the HBsAg at amino acid position of aa133, leading to a substitution of methionine to valine. The amino acid site was within the region constructing the α determinant of HBsAg.ConclusionsAccording to the fact that the patient had been immunized with hepatitis B vaccine and that the serum was anti-HBs positive and HBsAg negative, the HBV is considered to be a new vaccine-induced immune escape mutant different from the known ones.
【 Subject words 】Hepatitis B virusHepatitis B surface antigenMutantImmune escapeGene,viralNacleotide sequences
乙型肝炎免疫失败的原因很多,但病毒本身遗传特性的改变无疑起了决定作用。自从发现乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)免疫逃避株后,有些学者已经提出应考虑在未来的疫苗中使用变异免疫原成分,但前提是首先弄清某些普遍存在的变异株。因此研究发现新的HBV免疫逃避株并调查国内已发现的免疫逃避株的分布,对于该病的免疫预防具有重要的现实意义。在进行HBV免疫逃避株的研究中,发现一例乙型肝炎免疫失败患儿体内的HBV S基因上有一个重要的点突变,影响到乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)中和性α抗原决定簇。本文报道了该病毒S基因的全序列及其与已知的48个HBV基因组序列的比较分析。
材料与方法
1.血清样本的处理:乙型肝炎患儿T,男,4岁。该患儿曾按常规方法(0-1-6程序)接种过乙型肝炎血源疫苗。发病入院后,经ELISA检验血清呈抗-HBs阳性,HBsAg阴性(检测试剂为深圳华园医药生物工程公司产品,卫药准字[圳华]S-01号和S-02号)。谷丙转氨酶水平升至200U,聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法检测血清呈HBV DNA阳性,诊断为乙型肝炎。本研究在严格的实验室条件下进行血清HBV DNA的制备〔1〕。将由165μl血清获得的HBV DNA重溶于20μl灭菌蒸馏水中,置-20℃保存。
2.巢式聚合酶链反应: 寡聚核苷酸引物P1'、P6'、P1和P6的序列及巢式PCR程序参考文献〔1〕。首先以上述血清HBV DNA制备物为模板,在100μl反应体积中经P1'~P6'外层引物对扩增;之后,再用其扩增产物为模板,经P1~P6内层引物对扩增,通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳-溴化乙锭(EB)染色检测目的DNA扩增结果。
3.PCR产物的克隆: 按常规方法〔2〕进行PCR产物的回收、限制性酶切、DNA连接以及重组噬菌体的构建和单链重组DNA的制备等。
4.核苷酸序列分析: 采用两种方案。其一为银染色DNA序列分析法,按SILVER SEQUENCETM DNA序列分析试剂盒(Promega公司)说明书进行。其二为DNA自动序列分析法,采用ABI PRISMTM 377 DNA序列分析仪进行。
5.突变基因及其推测蛋白的结构分析: 采用PCGENE (Release 6.70, IntelliGenetics公司)软件分析突变基因的核苷酸序列及其推测蛋白的氨基酸序列,并与已知的HBV比较。
结果
1.PCR扩增与重组噬菌体克隆: 用P1'~P6'引物对进行PCR扩增后,未发现扩增产物;再用P1~P6引物对扩增,结果产生了预期的特异性DNA片段(约1.2kb)。按常规方法回收目的DNA片段(3'端含突出A),与由M13mp18-SmaI制备的T载体〔3〕相连接。取含反向插入目的DNA片段的重组噬菌体pM13T,制备重组单链DNA。
2.S基因的核苷酸序列分析: 以pUC/M13通用引物(5'-CGCCAGGGTTTTCCCAGTCACGAC-3')经银染色DNA序列分析测定,发现S基因内nt551位存在A→G突变(图从略)。进一步以pUC/M13通用引物和HBV S基因特异性引物(5'-CTGCTCGTGTTACAGGCG-3')经DNA自动序列分析测定,获得了突变S基因的全序列(1 203bp)。图1显示突变S基因的完整核苷酸序列。
图1突变S基因的完整核苷酸序列
Fig 1.The complete nucleotide sequence of the mutant S gene
The A-to-G mutation site at nt551 of HBV genome is in bold letter. The underlined are the EcoRⅠ like site, the initiation codon for HBsAg and the amino acid codon(ATG to GTG) affected by the mutation. The first C of the EcoRⅠ like site (GAACTC) is counted as nt1. The GenBank accession number of the sequence is AF052576
3.突变S基因与已知HBV DNA的比较: HBV基因组nt524~nt595是HBsAg中和性α抗原决定簇(aa124~aa147)的编码区,这一区段的大多数碱基十分保守。分析已知的48个HBV基因组序列(包括各主要血清学亚型)进一步证实了这一点,尤其是在14个adr亚型中,仅有2个分别含1个可引起氨基酸改变的突变(见图2)。在nt551位,46个序列为A,另2个为T。说明该位点是α抗原决定簇上最保守的碱基之一。nt551位A→G突变,将导致HBsAg第133位氨基酸由甲硫(ATG)变为缬(GTG),可能会影响到α表位,乃至整个HBsAg的抗原性,这或许是患儿血清学检测呈HBsAg阴性的原因。
图2不同HBV基因组HBsAg α抗原决定簇编码区的比较分析
Fig 2.Comparative analysis of the HBsAg α determinant coding regions of different HBV genomes
HBsAg α determinant is a conformational epitope which has a special two-loop construction kept by the disulfide bond between Cys124 and Cys137, Cys139 and Cys147, respectively. 48 of HBV genome sequences were downloaded from National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), USA (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). “Gene names” are their names in the original gene databases. Here the ※ labelled ones are from dDBJ, the # labelled are from EMBL and the § labelled are from GenBank
除了nt551位突变外,纵观整个S基因,还发现nt3 099位A→T、nt28位A/T→C以及nt373位C→T为罕见突变,另外有多个被认为是基因多态性的碱基突变位点。鉴于该病毒属于adr亚型 (根据HBsAg第122位和第160位亚型决定性氨基酸确认),将其与48个HBV DNA中的14个adr亚型进行同源性比较揭示,除了nt3 099、nt28和nt373位外,尚有nt367位C→T为罕见突变。
讨论
HBsAg α抗原决定簇是各HBV血清学亚型的共同决定簇,也是重要的中和性抗原决定簇。根据已发表的资料以及本文对已知HBV基因组序列的比较分析(图2)表明,该抗原区域十分保守,即使存在碱基突变,大多数也位于密码子的第三位,不引起氨基酸的改变<
