中图分类号:Q965.8文献标识码:A
文章编号:1000-8721(2000)03-0252-06
Ultrastructure Development and Some DNA Characteristics of Gomphocerus
sibiricus (L) Entomopoxvirus
WANG Li-ying,LI yong-dan,YANG Hong-zhen(Entomology Department of China Agricultural Unviersity, Beijing 100094, China)
arbudo·Waili,YU Xiao-guang,Bahetiyaer(Xinjiang Command Post of Grasshopper and Rodents Control, Urümqi 830001, China)
Abstract: This paper studied a strain of EPV (Gomphocerus sibiricus entomopoxvirus-GsEPV) isolated from Gomphocerus sibiricus(L) in Mulei county, Xinjiang Autonomous Region in 1992, the EPV may be potentially a kind of bio-pesticide. Using microscopic and biochemical methods to study the ultrastructure, development and characteristics of DNA of this virus, we found that the occlusion body of the virus is spherical, and the maximum diameter is about 6.90μm, the minimum about 3.95μl, the average 5.33μm. With electron microscope, the virion observed is oval, and the size is 267nm×103nm. The core of the virion folds back 2-3 times, and its cross section appears to be round, with 3-4 electronic nondense dots in it. GsEPV mainly infects the fat body of its host. Numbers of EPV occlusion bodies can be observed 15-20 days after inoculation. At this time, there is no free virion, and GsEPV obviously develops quickly and synchronously, so the GsEPV is easy to prevail possibly relating to this character. The GsEPV-DNA, when cleaved with restriction enzymes HindⅢ, BglⅡ and EcoRⅠ, produces 20, 17, 29 DNA fragments, and the molecular weight is 155.37×106D, 156.45×106D and 156.79×106D respectively, and the average is 156.20×106D. After comparing with the reported grasshopper EPV, we can classify them into two types: One with spherical occlusion bodies, the other with oval occlusion bodies. The EPV whose occlusion bodies are similar ecah other have the similar core structure and their molecular weight are also similar. In the virion of the EPV with oval occlusion bodies, such as OaEPV, ciEPV, MsEPV, VAcEPV and PnEPV, the DNA chain folds back less (1-2times), and its molecular weight is smaller, often about 125×106D; but in the EPV with spherical occlusion bodies, such as DkEPV and GsEPV, the DNA folds back much (2-3times), and its molecular weight is larger, about 155×106D.
Key words: grasshopper and locust; Gomphocerus sibiricus entomopoxvirus; ultrastructure; DNA restriction endonuclease analysis
西伯利亚蝗〔Gomphocerus sibiricus(L)〕国外分布于俄罗斯的西伯利亚和蒙古国,国内分布在新疆、黑龙江、内蒙古和吉林等地。在新疆常年发生,数量大,不仅危害牧草造成严重损失,还影响牧草开花结种,抑制草地更新复壮;严重发生年份也摄食小麦等禾本科作物,是新疆早期优势种蝗虫种类[1]。
1981年西伯利亚蝗痘病毒(Gomphocerus sibiricus entomopoxvirus,简称GsEPV)先在新疆阿勒泰后又在巴里坤草原蝗虫上大流行,使大批蝗虫死亡,颇引人瞩目[2]。一些科技工作者试图利用这种病原物防治蝗虫,但由于种种困难未能进行下去。80年代中期,我国从国外引入微孢子虫治蝗取得成效[3,4],然而由于杀虫速度缓慢,杀虫效果尚不够理想。为此我们试图寻找新的生物治蝗措施。
蝗虫痘病毒是一类昆虫特异性DNA病毒,寄主域仅限于昆虫钢。不同昆虫痘病毒属以及与脊椎动物痘病毒间均无血清学关系[5]。动物试验表明,昆虫痘病毒用于生物防治是安全的。一些研究表明,昆虫痘病毒致病力较强[6,7],易引起流行病并能较长期贮存,是值得研究和利用的病毒类群。新疆地区当地领导和科技人员对利用这种痘病毒治蝗也颇感兴趣,他们克服很多困难,翻山越岭到当年GsEPV大流行的地块采集蝗虫,希望能再次分离到GsEPV,遗憾的是没有采到。1992年作者在新疆木垒县进行微孢子虫防治试验时,偶然从1头病死的西伯利亚蝗上分离到痘病毒,并置于冰箱内保存,直到1996年将之取出重新繁殖起来,并观察了该病毒的形态结构,在寄主体内的发育循环及DNA酶解图谱等。
材料与方法
1GsEPV病毒来源从新疆木垒县采到的西伯利亚蝗痘病毒病虫尸,从冰箱取出,加无菌水研磨过滤,差速离心得到粗提纯痘病毒包含体,-20℃保存备用。
2感染试验新疆草原上采集西伯利亚蝗虫2~3龄,室内饲养至3~4龄接种痘病毒。将上述粗提纯的西伯利亚蝗痘病毒包含体稀释成1×109OBS/L,涂于麦苗或苔草饲料块上,单头饲喂,取吃光毒叶的若虫作试虫,置养虫笼内正常饲养。一部分试虫用于接种,接种后不同天数取样制超薄切片,另一部分试虫用于繁殖痘病毒,收集病死虫尸,置-20℃冰箱保存备用。
3显微镜观察光学显微镜:取接种发病的西伯利亚蝗虫解剖,取出消化道、马氏管、气管组织、表皮和脂肪体组织,用生理盐水洗涤,取小块组织涂片光学显微镜观察。透射电镜:另取接种后不同天数的蝗虫脂肪体小块,用2.5%戊二醛和1%锇酸进行双固定,丙酮系列脱水,Epon812包埋,制超薄切片,醋酸双氧铀和柠檬酸铅双染色,TEM-100CX透射电镜观察拍片。扫描电镜:取提纯的西伯利亚蝗痘病毒包含体,稀释成适宜浓度,涂于盖玻片上凉干,2B型离子溅射器喷金,SEM-505扫描电镜观察拍片。
4GsEPV包含体和病毒粒子提取纯化将粗提纯痘病毒包含体经蔗糖密度梯度(50%~65%)离心,4℃22 000r/min 1h,收集58%~60%之间的深褐色带,洗去蔗糖即为纯化的痘病毒包含体。取纯化的痘病毒包含体加碱性裂解液混匀,置37℃水浴碱解20~30min,痘病毒包含体逐渐膨胀释放出病毒粒子,待95%以上包含体裂开后,冰浴终止碱解,并将其置于蔗糖密度梯度(40%~55%)离心,4℃ 22 000r/min 1h,收集45%处的白色带,洗去蔗糖即为纯化的病毒粒子,悬浮于TE缓冲液中电镜检查纯度,4℃保存备用。
5GsEPV-DNA的提纯及限制性内切酶酶解取纯化的病毒粒子离心,取沉淀,加2×SDS裂解缓冲液,蛋白酶K和β-巯基乙醇混匀后置50℃水浴30min,冷却至室温。用等体积的水饱和酚和氯仿反复抽提除去蛋白质提纯的DNA,溶解于TE缓冲液中,-20℃保存备用。在GsEPV-DNA酶反应缓冲液中,分别用3种限制性内切酶EcoR Ⅰ,BglⅡ和HindⅢ酶解,37℃水浴2~3h。
6琼脂糖凝胶电泳采用平板式琼脂糖凝胶电泳,凝胶浓度为0.5%,并加入溴化乙锭、TBE电泳缓冲液,电压30V,室温下电泳18h,紫外透射仪观察并拍片。
结果与结论
1GsEPV球状体和病毒粒子的形态和超微结构
在光学显微镜下观察,西伯利亚蝗痘病毒包含体为球形,又称球状体(spheroid),这与已报道的具有圆形包含体的戟纹蝗痘病毒(DkEPV)颇相似[8]。扫描电镜观察到这两种痘病毒的立体图象有些差异,GsEPV的形状为圆球形,DkEPV的形状大多为方圆形,且前者的个体比后者大。此外,DkEPV成熟包含体中常看到有许多表面呈蜂窝状的小孔,称为未成熟包含体,这在GsEPV中则很少见到。痘病毒发育后期仍有许多未成熟包含体存在,可能与这种痘病毒发育周期<
