中图分类号R541.7+5文献标识码A
文章编号1007—2659(2000)02—0075—04
Effects of Chronic Heart Failure on Electrical Remodeling of Failing Ventricles in Rabbits
QU Long,LI Feng-yun,HUANG De-jia
This study sought to determine whether advanced heart failure has effects on electrical remodeling of failing ventricles in rabbits and whether the electrical remodeling was associated with high induction of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in failing rabbits.Thirty rabbits were divided into two groups at random.Induction of chronic congestive heart failure was attemped in 20 rabbits by adriamycin.The others were controlled.In all open chest anesthetized rabbits,electrophysiological study was performed.Each phase of rapid pacing at apical right ventricle at cycle length of 250 msec lasted 10 minutes,then stopped for 1 minute,and after 6 times the electrophysiological study was ended.The 90% monophasic action potential durations of ventricle (V-MAPD90) and conduction time between apical right ventricle and basal left ventricle (CTARV-BLV) were measured when cycle lengh was 250 msec at rest and just before the end of each rapid pacing period.In the meantime,verntricular effective refractory period (V-ERP) was measured with S1S2 stimulation.The electrophysiologic study was finished in advance when any ventricular tachyarrhythmias induced.Results:As rapid pacing was continuing,V-ERP was prologned earlier (the end of the third rapid pacing vs the end of the fifth rapid pacing) and larger (9.70 ms/10 min vs 2.87 ms/10 min,P<0.001),V-MAPD90 was extended earlier (the end of the third rapid pacing vs the end of the fourth rapid pcing),and CTARV-BLV was lengthened greater (1.50 ms vs 0.60 ms,P<0.01) in failing rabbits than in normal ones.Ventricular fibrillations were induced earlier in failing rabbits than in normal ones (at the end of the third rapid pacing,35.3% vs 0,P=0.04).Furthermore,failing rabbits were higher incidence of ventricular fibrillation during rapid pacing period than normal ones (70.6% vs 20.0%,P=0.03).Conclusion:The ventricular electrical remodeling in failing rabbits results in obvious changes of V-ERP,V-MAPD90 and CTARV-BLV,which are in parallel with early induction and high incidence of ventricular fibrillation in failing rabbits.
Heart failureElectrical remodelingEffective refractory periodMonophasic action potentialVentricular arrhythmias Rabbit
慢性充血性心力衰竭(简称慢性心衰)病人,心源性猝死率很高,占其总死亡率的50%~60%[1]。引起慢性心衰病人心源性猝死最常见的原因是室性心动过速(简称室速)或心室颤动(简称室颤)[2]。因此,有效防止慢性心衰病人心源性猝死的发生,还有待于深入研究慢性心衰时室性心律失常的发生机制。
最近,有学者在研究心房颤动(简称房颤)的电生理机制时发现电重构(electrical remodeling)现象[3],即心房快速起搏或短阵房颤可以使心房肌有效不应期逐渐缩短,这种心房有效不应期的缩短反过来可使房颤容易诱发,或使原有短阵房颤转变为持续性房颤。最新研究发现在预激综合征病人心室肌同样存在电重构现象[4]。但慢性心衰对心室肌电重构过程有何影响,及这种影响与室性心律失常的关系尚不清楚。本文旨在探讨慢性心衰对兔心室肌电重构的影响及其与室性快速性心律失常的关系。
1材料与方法
1.1实验动物准备家兔30只,取自同一实验动物饲养所,体重为1.85~2.50 kg,雌雄不限,随机分成实验组(20只)和对照组(10只)。实验组应用注射用盐酸阿霉素(浙江海门制药厂生产,批号980604),按每公斤体重 1 mg剂量,用生理盐水稀释成1 mg/ml的溶液后,经兔耳缘静脉注射,每周2次,共8周。对照组应用生理盐水按每公斤体重1 ml剂量,经兔耳缘静脉注射,每周2次,共8周。
1.2实验用主要仪器设备包括Gould 3400S/DASA 4600型多道生理记录仪(美国Gould公司)、单相动作电位(MAP)前置放大器(美国Gould公司)、心脏程控刺激仪(苏州东方电子仪器厂)、动物人工呼吸机(浙江医科大学仪器实验厂)及起搏-MAP心外膜电极(按Franz法制作)。
1.3实验方法
1.3.1实验前准备所有实验动物都经3%戊巴比妥钠1 mg/kg经兔耳缘静脉注射麻醉,固定于兔板,气管切开插管,接动物人工呼吸机,呼吸频率30次/分,呼吸比1.5∶1,潮气量10 ml/kg。开胸,去胸骨,充分暴露心脏,剪开心包,缝制心包吊床,左心耳穿刺直接测左房压,固定穿刺针及测压管。起搏-MAP心外膜电极安放在右室心尖部,另一MAP心外膜电极安放在兔冠状动脉左室支与左旋支交接处的左下方(以下称左室心底部)。
1.3.2电生理实验方案同步记录心电图Ⅱ导联、右室心尖部及左室心底部MAP。右室心尖部心外膜起搏,频率固定为250 ppm,脉宽2 ms,刺激强度1 V(为阈强度的2倍)。首先进行8次S1S1(频率250 ppm)刺激,同时记录MAP,用于测定右室快速起搏前的90%单相动作电位时间(MAPD90)及右室心尖部至左室心底部的传导时间(CTARV-BLV)。然后,在8次基础刺激(250 ppm)后进行一次程序早搏(S2)刺激,第一次S1S2间期为240 ms,早搏刺激逐次提前,每次提前10 ms,程序早搏刺激未引起心室应激的最长S1S2间期为心室有效不应期(V-ERP)。在完成上述记录及测定后,即刻开始右室快速起搏,频率250 ppm,每次持续10 min,然后停止1 min,如此重复6次后终止电生理实验。记录每次历时10 min右室快速起搏最后5 s的MAP,用于观察MAPD90及CTARV-BLV的变化。在每次历时10 min的右室快速起搏结束后,即刻改用S1S2刺激(方法同前)观察V-ERP变化。右室快速起搏若诱发出室性快速性心律失常,电生理实验便提前终止。
1.3.3实验后处理电生理实验终止即刻,用10%氯化钾快速心内注射处死动物,测量腹水,称量肺、肝及心湿重,沿左、右冠状动脉下缘切开心脏,测量左、右室内径及左、右室壁厚度。
1.4观察指标包括①基础变化:指体重,肺、肝、心等脏器与体重之比,腹水,左房压,左、右室腔大小及左、右室壁厚度变化。②V-MAPD90:指去极化10%至复极化90%的时程。③V-ERP:指右室心尖部起搏不能使心室应激的最长S1S2间期。④CTARV-BLV:右室心尖部和左室心底部MAP去极化10%处的时差。⑤室性快速性心律失常诱发率:指右室快速起搏所诱发的室速、室颤或心室扑动的发生率。
1.5统计分析室性快速性心律失常诱发率比较用确切概率法或χ2检验;所有计量资料用±s表示,两组间比较用t检验,方差不齐时用t′检验,多组间比较用F检验及q检验,为了提高两组比较的精确度(排除混杂因素)采用协方差分析;反映两变量的依存关系采用直线回归分析,比较两回归系数或回归线高度采用t检验。以上所有检验及分析,均取P≤0.05为有统计学意义。
