[中图分类号]R563.1; R587.1[文献标识码]A
[文章编号]1000-4718(2000)06-0552-05
Study of lung morphologic features and oxygen free radicals in experimental diabetic rats
SHEN Xing-ping, SHU Chang-da, ZHANG Zuo-cai, HE Jun
(Department of Endocrinology, The Second College of Clinical Medicine,Chongqing University of Medical Sciences, Chongqing 400010, China)
[Abstract]AIM:To evaluate the changes of lung morphologic features and oxidative stress in experimental diabetic rats.METHODS: The pulmonary structure of alloxan-induced diabetic rats were quantitatively studied with stereological methods. Changes of ultrastructure, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and contents of malondialdehyde(MDA) of diabetic lung and serum were observed.RESULTS: The volume proportion of alveolar air and mean linear intercept of diabetic rats decreased remarkably in comparison with controls while the volume proportion of alveolar wall, the surface density of alveolar, the numerical density of alveolic area, the numerical density of alveolar and specific surface of alveolar increased significantly. The major change of the type II pneumocyte of diabetic rats was dilation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). The other findings in diabetic rats had included the presence of thickened alveolar epithelial, pulmonary capillary basal laminae and blood- air barrier, the volume density, the surface density, the mean profile area and the mean perimeter of RER in type Ⅱ pneumocyte of diabetic rats increased remarkably. And the specific surface of RER was significantly lower as compared with controls. SOD activity decreased and MDA content increased significantly in serum of diabetic rats as compared with the control group. SOD activity in the diabetic lung was not different from that of the control lung. However, the content of MDA obviously increased in diabetic lung.CONCLUSION: The morphologic features and oxidative stress in early diabetic rats are abnormal thus the lung should be considered as one of the “target organ”in diabetes mellitus.
[MeSH] Diabetes mellitus, experimental; Lung; Superoxide dismutase; Malondialdehyde
目前认为,糖尿病(diabetes mellitus,DM)微血管病变和组织蛋白质非酶糖基化(nonenzymatic glycation)可能是其慢性并发症的主要发病机制。肺脏是一个具有丰富的微循环和结缔组织的器官。近年来关于DM对肺脏的损害尚未引起足够的重视。本文应用光镜及电镜方法对四氧嘧啶诱导的DM 28 d大鼠肺形态进行定性及体视学计量研究,同时,测定血清和肺组织超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD) 活性及丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量,旨在探讨DM肺病变的发病机制。
材料和方法
一、动物模型复制及取材
雄性Wistar大鼠20只(本校实验动物中心提供),体重150~180 g, 随机分为DM组与对照组。每组10只大鼠。DM组大鼠给予四氧嘧啶(本校临床学院人工细胞室提供)一次性腹腔内(按200 mg/kg体重)注射,对照组注射等量生理盐水。注射药物后第3 d测空腹血糖(邻甲苯胺法)>13.90 mmol/L为DM模型成立。所有大鼠均自由饮水、进食。在DM模型成立28 d时,测空腹血糖,其值仍>13.90 mmol/L。DM组与对照组大鼠称重后,用1%戊巴比妥钠腹腔注射麻醉大鼠,心腔内采血,速取肺脏。观察肺大体改变,称肺湿重,并计算肺系数(肺湿重(g)/体重(g)×100)。右肺制成匀浆,用于生化检查,左肺用于光镜和电镜观察。分离血清测定SOD活性、MDA含量。
二、光镜观察
左肺速取电镜标本后,剩余肺组织用10%中性缓冲福尔马林固定48~72 h,逐级脱水,常温石蜡包埋,用Reichert切片机切片(5 μm厚切片),每例肺进行连续切片,每隔5张等距离选取切片一张,共选5张切片,H.E染色,进行定性、定量观察。每张切片观察5个视野,即肺尖、肺底各两个固定视野,肺中部一个视野。在OLYMPUS BH-2型显微镜下,放大400倍,用5 mm×5 mm网格目测微尺以点计数法测算下列参数,计算公式来自文献[1]。
(一) 肺泡体密度(volume proportion of alveolar air, Vva)、肺泡管体密度(volume proportion of alveolar duct air, Vvd)、肺泡壁体密度(volume proportion of alveolar wall, Vvw)和传导气道体密度(volume proportion of conducting airway, Vvb)。计算公式如下:
Pxi表示测试点落在第i幅图像肺泡上的点数,Pci表示测试点落在第i幅图像所定参照系上的点数,n表示图像数。
(二) 肺泡平均截线长度(mean linear intercept, Lm)、肺泡表面积密度(surface density of alveoli, Sva)、肺泡数密度(numerical density of alveoli, Nv)、肺泡面数密度(numerical density on area of alveoli, NA)、肺泡比表面(specific surface of alveoli, Rsv(a))和肺泡管比表面(specific surface of alveolar duct air, Rsv(d))。计算公式如下:
Lm:测试线穿过肺泡截面时,在截面内的平均长度。
PT、LT 分别为所用测试系统的测试点数和测试线长度,Ixi为测试线与肺泡界面的交点,Pci为包容空间的测试点数,M为放大倍数,单位为:μm2μm-3。
NX为测试肺泡截面数,PX为击中测试肺泡截面的点数,PC为参照系内的测试点数,α为每个测试点所代表的面积,β为形状常数(β=1.55), 单位为:个/μm3。
NX为测试肺泡截面数,PC为参照系内的测试点数,α为每个测试点所代表的面积,单位为:个/μm2。
单位为:μm2μm-3。
三、电镜观察
每例左肺取3块肺组织,迅速以4%戊二醛固定2 h,1%四氧化锇后固定(4℃) 2 h,乙醇逐级脱水,环氧树脂618浸透、包埋。半薄切片0.5~1 μm厚,甲苯胺蓝染色,光镜下定位。超薄切片500~700 A°, 醋酸双氧铀和铅盐双重染色,在H-600型透射电镜下观察及照相。
四、Ⅱ型肺泡细胞形态计量
电镜下以10 000倍随机拍摄Ⅱ型肺泡细胞。其中对照组和DM组各30个细胞,每只动物2~4个。底片光学放大2倍,采用正方格测试系统,印有测试系统的底片与电镜底片叠印成照片,总放大倍数20 000倍。采用点计数法测算下列参数,计算公式来自文献[2]。
(一) 粗面内质网(rough endoplasmic reticulum, RER)、体密度(volume density, Vv)、面密度(surface density, Sv)、比表面(specific surface,δ)、平均截面积(mean profile area,x)和平均周长(mean perimeter,x)。计算公式如下:
