中图分类号:R532.21文献标识码:A
文章编号:1005-2534(2000)01-0001-05
A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY ON HUMAN INFECTION
AND REINFECTION WITH SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM
IN RIVER BEACH AREA
Qin Xingyuan
(Anhui Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Wuhu 241000)
Xiao Xiang
(Anhui Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Wuhu 241000)
Wang Tianping
(Anhui Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Wuhu 241000)
Wang Qizhi
(Anhui Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Wuhu 241000)
Zhang Shiqing
(Anhui Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Wuhu 241000)
Zhang Gonghua
(Anhui Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Wuhu 241000)
Lu Dabing
(Anhui Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Wuhu 241000)
Fang Guoren
(Anhui Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Wuhu 241000)
Zhu Chuangang
(Anhui Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Wuhu 241000)
Wang Hao
(Anhui Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Wuhu 241000)
Wu Weiduo
(Anhui Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Wuhu 241000)
Su Gaobai
(Station of Schistosomiasis Control of Dangtu County)
Yao Zhenqi
(Station of Schistosomiasis Control of Dangtu County)
ABSTRACTAim:To survey the human infection and reinfection with schistosomiasis japonica and the risk factors after chemotherapy in river beach meso-endemic area. Method: A prospective cohort study has been made in a village in river beach area of Dangtu County, Anhui Province from Feb. to Dec. 1998. 126 egg-negative cases after praziquantel treatment were allocated in reinfection group, while 247 egg-negative individuals in pretreatment stool examination in infection group. In May, September and December, infection or reinfection were identified by stool examination in each group and at the same time, risk factors were screened. All the data were analysed with unconditional logistic regression analysis. Results: After one transmission season, the prevalence of reinfection in the village reached 13.49% (standardized prevalence of reinfection 13.76%), and the infection rate 6.07% (standardized infection rate 4.11%). Stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that 4 factors i.e. cercaria density in water, age, index of contacting contagious water from June to September and distance between residence and infected snail spot were associated with reinfection, while cercaria density in water, occupation and index of contacting contagious water from June to September were associated with infection.Conclusion: In meso-endemic river beach area, higher frequency of reinfection and infection occurred and the risk factors were primarily screened out.
Key words: schistosomiasis;chemotherapy;reinfection;infection;risk factor;unconditional logistic regression analysis
有效的化疗能迅速降低人群感染率和感染度,但由于化疗后重复感染的普遍存在,严重影响了防治措施的效果[1~3]。人群化疗后感染率和再感染率的高低又是决定化疗频次(间隔时间)、化疗覆盖率的重要因素之一。因此,人群化疗后再感染和感染规律的研究已成为我国湖区血吸虫病流行病学研究的重要课题。1998年2月至12月,我们在安徽省一江滩型日本血吸虫病中度流行村开展了化疗后感染和再感染的前瞻性定群观察,并在此基础上对与其有关因素进行了非条件logistic回归分析,旨在寻找血吸虫感染和再感染的危险因素,为提高人群抗血吸虫感染和再感染的能力和控制血吸虫病流行提供某些理论依据。现将结果报告如下。
1材料与方法
1.1现场选择
现场彭兴村位于安徽省当涂县长江的彭兴洲岛上,岛的东西两侧江滩有钉螺分布。村民沿围埂居住,生活用江水,接触疫水频繁;以种植业(油菜、棉花)为主,副业有捕鱼、水上运输等。该村常住人口1 220人,1996年以来人群血吸虫感染率均在10%以上。
1.2观察内容和方法
1.2.1基线调查与分组于1998年3月采用尼龙袋集卵孵化法(一送一检)和Kato-Katz法(3张涂片)联合对试区人群作粪检,同时计数克粪虫卵数。接受粪检人群同时用IHA法测定抗体。基线粪检阴性者作为“感染组”研究对象。基线粪检阳性者给予吡喹酮60mg/kg两日疗法治疗,于治疗后1个月用上述两法粪检复查,转阴者作为“再感染组”的观察对象。
对试区附近所属有螺地带,采用20×20m机械抽样方法查螺,玻片压碎法鉴别死活及是否感染血吸虫尾蚴。统计洲滩活螺密度、感染性钉螺密度和钉螺感染率;同时在居民点附近江滩(共21处)用C-6膜法测定疫水的感染强度[12]。
1.2.2居民接触疫水等的定量调查县血防站医师,经统一培训后,于1998年4~11月按统一的调查表和问卷对两组研究对象逐月进行回顾性询问调查。每次调查当天和前一天的疫水接触情况,内容包括:接触方式、地点、时间、持续时间、频次、面积和当月累计接触次数等。其他危险因素的调查也按调查表逐人当面询问填表。
1.2.3各阶段感染、再感染水平的确定分别于1998年5、9、12月,对观察对象,调查其血吸虫感染、再感染情况,并作虫卵计数。
1.2.4螺情及水体感染性的同步检测分别在进行粪检的同时,开展螺情调查及水感染性的同步测定,方法同上。
1.3资料分析方法
1.3.1单因素分析用于分析的因素有:性别、年龄、职业、文化、家庭年人均收入(平均为1550元)、近三年感染史、治疗史、基线感染度(感染组为血清血吸虫特异性抗体水平即IHA滴度),4月以前疫水接触方式、接触频度、面积和疫水接触指数(疫水接触指数=接触时间×接触面积×接触频度[13]),4~5月、6~9月、10~11月及全年累计接触疫水次数、面积和疫水接触指数,居住地距阳性螺点距离(是否小于200m)、接触疫水处水体尾蚴密度、防汛时间。上述32个变量经适当量化和分级后,采用2×2表或列联表分析并进行比较和筛选。
1.3.2多因素分析为消除混杂因素的干扰,对筛选出来有统计学显著性意义的变量进行逐步回归分析(进入方程显著水平为0.15),最后进行非条件logistic回归分析(显著性水平为0.05)。以上分析采用SAS软件(6.04)实现。
2结果
2.1血吸虫基线感染情况
共粪检965人,血吸虫阳性129人,人群基线感染率为13.37%,其中男性为14.40%,女性为12.23%,性别间感染率差异无显著性(P>0.05);>12岁组为13.79%,≤12岁组为12.54%,年龄组间感染率差异也无显著性意义(P>0.05),见表1。129名粪检阳性者平均感染度(克粪虫卵数)为15.59±3.11,其中男性为16.81±3.41,女性为14.06±2.71,差异无显著性(P<
