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静脉滴注不同剂量硝酸甘油对心力衰竭婴幼儿血流动力学的

2022-07-29
来源:求医网
【摘要】目的了解不同剂量硝酸甘油(NTG)对左向右分流型先天性心脏病合并心力衰竭患儿血流动力学的影响。方法连续监测 26例患儿的心率、血压、总外周阻力(TPR),分别于用药前及用药0.5、1.0、1.5、 2.5、 5.0 μg /(kg·min)剂量NTG时,利用超声心动图测定左心室射血分数(EF)、左心室舒张末期容量指数(EDVI)、肺毛细血管楔压(PCWP)、肺动脉平均压(PAMP)、左心室壁应力(LVWS)等。结果患儿的心率、血压、EF、每搏指数、心脏搏出指数等在用药前后及不同剂量NTG间差异没有显著性;PCWP由用药前(15.5±2.3)mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133 kPa)降至用药后(14.3±2.2)mm Hg, 最低降至(12.3±2.4)mm Hg(P<0.05);左心室壁舒张期应力(LVWS I)由(407±65)N/cm2×10-2 降至(357±75) N/cm2×10-2,最低降至(321±50)N/cm2×10-2(P<0.05);左心室壁收缩期应力(LVWS II)由(166±48)N/cm2 ×10-2降至(136±48)N/cm2×10-2,最低降至(114±42)N/cm2×10-2(P<0.05);左心室壁舒张期和收缩期平均应力(LVWS III)由(255±52)N/cm2×10-2降至(218±52)N/cm2×10-2,最低降至(187±42) N/cm2×10-2(P<0.05);当NTG剂量增至2.5 μg /(kg·min)以上,出现TPR和PAMP下降(P<0.05)。上述各项指标在不同剂量NTG之间差异没有显著性。结论静脉NTG对心力衰竭患儿血流动力学有改善作用,对动、静脉血管扩张有剂量差异性,但在血流动力学上未呈现出明显的剂量依赖性。

Effect of different dosages of nitroglycerin on hemodynamics in infants with congestive heart failure secondary to congenital heart disease

SUN Lian,ZENG Heping, lI Wanzhen(Department of Pediatrics, First Hospital, Beijing Medical University, Beijing 100034, China)

【Abstract】ObjectiveIntravenous nitroglycerin(NTG) has been widely used in the treatment of the congestive heart failure because of its effect of vasodilatation. However, less well known is hemodynamic effect of NTG in children, especially infants with heart failure. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of intravenous NTG on hemodynamics in infants with congestive heart failure secondary to congenital heart defects of left-to- right shunts. MethodsTwenty six infants with the mean age of 10 months were investigated clinically. Continuous monitoring of the heart rate, blood pressure and total peripheral resistance was done. The echocardiography was used to measure the left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular end diastolic volume index, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure and left ventricular wall stress(LVWS) before the administration of NTG and at the administration with dosages of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.5 and 5.0 μg/(kg·min), respectively. ResultsIntravenous NTG had no significant effect on the hemodynamic indexes including the heart rate, blood pressure, ejection fraction, stroke volume index, cardiac output index and left ventricular end diastolic volume index in infants with congestive heart failure. At the dosage of 0.5μg/(kg·min), the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure decreased from (15.5±2.3) mm Hg before the use of NTG to (14.3±2.2) mm Hg after the use of NTG, and reached a minimum pressure of (12.3±2.4) mm Hg. After the administration of NTG, the LVWS I, II and III decreased from (407±65 ) N/cm2×10-2, (166±48) N/cm2×10-2, (255±52) N/cm2×10-2 to (357±75) N/cm2×10-2,(136±48) N/cm2×10-2 and (218±52) N/cm2×10-2(P<0.05), respectively, and reached the minimum level of (321±50) N/cm2×10-2,(114±42) N/cm2×10-2,(187±42) N/cm2×10-2 , respectively. With a higher dosage of 2.5 μg/(kg.min), decreases in peripheral vascular resistance and mean pulmonary arterial pressure were evident (P<0.05), while the above indexes did not show any statistical difference among the different dosages. ConclusionThe congestive heart failure secondary to congenital cardiac defects of left-to-right shunts in infants was proved to be the indication of using intravenous NTG to improve hemodynamics. There was a different dosage selectivity between artery and venous vasodilatation, but the hemodynamic changes were independent of dosages. The dosages of 0.5 and 1.0 μg/(kg.min) NTG were recommended on the purpose of decreasing the cardiac preload in the treatment of the heart failure.

【Key words】Heart defects, congesnital;Heart failure, congestive;Hemodynamics;Nitroglycerin

心力衰竭(简称心衰)常伴有血管内皮功能紊乱,表现为内皮依赖性血管舒张作用减弱[1]。研究表明,心衰时内皮一氧化氮调节系统受损是导致血管内皮功能紊乱的重要因素之一[2]。临床观察证明,硝酸甘油(NTG)对治疗心衰有益,其机制在于重建和恢复血管内皮和平滑肌受损的一氧化氮调节作用。我们应用静脉滴注叠加剂量的NTG,对左向右分流型先天性心脏病(简称先心病)合并心衰患儿的血流动力学进行了研究,以了解静脉滴注NTG对心衰婴幼儿血流动力学的影响。

对象及方法

一、对象

左向右分流型先心病患儿26例,男20例,女6例;年龄3个月~4岁(平均10个月)。其中室间隔缺损22例,房间隔缺损3例,心内膜垫缺损1例。临床表现为多汗、烦躁、呼吸困难、紫绀、两肺细湿音、心音低钝、心率快、肝脏增大等,除外肺炎引起的心衰者。心功能NYHA分级II级11例,III级及以上15例。

二、方法

1. 给药方法:除维持地高辛剂量外,检测前24 h停用所有扩血管药物和其他抗心衰药物。将NTG(北京益民制药厂,每支5 mg/ml)与5%葡萄糖注射液混合后,在输液泵控制下静脉输入。起始剂量0.5 μg /(kgmin),每15 min增加0.5 μg/(kg.min)。监测血压、心率及观察临床病情变化。血压低于基础值的20%时终止检查[3]

2. 检测方法和指标:应用菲利浦MD800彩色多普勒超声心动仪进行检测。用药前及每次增加剂量前均测量所有观察指标。每项指标测3个心动周期,取平均值。检测指标:(1)左心室舒张末期和收缩期内径;(2)左心室后壁和室间隔收缩期和舒张期厚度;(3)右心室射血前期时间、射血时间及加速时间;(4)Q-C间期(心电图QRS波起点至M型超声心动图二尖瓣关闭点),A2-E间期(心音图第二音起始点至超声心动图二尖瓣开放最高点);(5)每搏指数(SVI)和心排血指数(CI);(6)左心室射血分数(EF)、左心室舒张末期容积指数(EDVI);(7)肺动脉血流量和主动脉血流量比值(Qp/Qs)[4]。根据上述测量指标,计算肺毛细血管楔压(PCWP)、肺动脉平均压(PAMP)、左心室壁应力(LVWS)、体循环总阻力(TPR)[5]

3. 统计学分析:所有数据以±s表示,各组数据间采用随机区间方差分析、秩和检验和q检验分析。P<0.05为差异有显著性。

结果

一、 NTG用药前后血流动力学指标比较

NTG对心率、血压、EF、SVI、CI及EDVI没有明显影响(P>0.05);低剂量NTG即可使PCWP、左心室壁舒张期应力(LVWS I)、 左心室壁收缩期应力(LVWS II)和左心室壁舒张期和收缩期平均应力(LVWS III)明显降低(P<0.05);NTG增加至2.5 μg /(kg.min),TPR比用药前明显下降,增加至5.0 μg /(kg.min),PAMP比用药前明显下降(P<0.05)(表1)。

二、不同剂量NTG对血流动力学指标的影响

随着NTG剂量的增加,TPR、PCWP、PAMP和LVWS I、II、III呈现进行性下降趋势,但统计学分析不同剂量之间差异无显著性(P>0.05)(表1)。

三、NTG对左向右分流量和临床病情的影响

用药前 Qp/Qs 为1.7±0.6; 用药量达到0.5 μg/(kg.min) 时为1.6±0.6; 1.0 μg/(kg.min)时为 1.6±0.7; 1.5 μg/(kg.min) 时为1.8±0.8; 2.5 μg/(kg.min)时为1.7±0.9; 5.0 μg/(kg.min) 时为1.8±0.8(F=0.981 2,P>0.05),即随着NTG剂量的增加,左向右分流量略有增加,但在统计上差异无显著性。用药过程中多数患儿<