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0~24个月儿童食物过敏的流行病学研究

2022-07-29
来源:求医网
【摘要】目的了解重庆地区0~24个月儿童食物过敏的流行情况及其临床症状,以利其诊断和预防。方法采用国际上经典的食物过敏诊断方法进行研究。随机对1999年5~6月在重庆医科大学儿童医院儿童保健科门诊进行健康体检的0~24个月正常婴幼儿314例,以问卷、皮肤点刺试验和排除性饮食试验作为基本方法,对研究对象进行初步筛查,若以上结果为阳性则进行食物激发试验以最终确诊。 结果304例完成诊断步骤,调查应答率为96.8%。家长自诉小儿有食物过敏的有43例(约13.7%);11例确诊为食物过敏,10例因各种原因在排除性饮食过程中失访,故估计食物过敏的患病率最低为3.5 %(11/314)。若假设食物过敏在失访者中有相同的发生率,则其患病率约为5.2 %;0~12个月婴儿食物过敏患病率为6.1 %。确诊的患儿年龄均小于12个月,平均为(6.4±1.8)月,4~6个月为高发年龄段。结论婴儿期是食物过敏的易感年龄。其临床表现与受累的器官有关,皮肤、胃肠道和呼吸系统症状最为常见。治疗食物过敏唯一有效的方法是避免特定食物抗原的摄入;适当延长母乳喂养的时间对减少食物过敏的发生有帮助。

Prevalence of food hypersensitivity in 0-24 months old infants in Chongqing

HU Yan, LI Haiqi. Department of Primary Child Care, Children′s Hospital, Chongqing University of Medical Sciences, 400014, China.

【Abstract】ObjectiveFood hypersensitivity is perhaps the most controversial area of clinical immunology. Owing to the knowledge deficiency about pathogenesis and method of diagnosis, the “true” prevalence of food hypersensitivity is still unknown. The present study was designed to estimate the prevalence of food hypersensitivity in 0~24 months old infants in Chongqing and to confirm the clinical symptoms in order to diagnose and prevent this disease. MethodsInternational standard method was used to diagnose food hypersensitivity. First, a questionnaire, skin prick test and elimination test were used as the elementary method to screen the study subjects; if the results of all the three tests were positive , food challenge were done to confirm food hypersensitivity. Totally 314 normal infants and youny children ( 0-24 months old) from Department of Primary Child Care, Children′s Hospital, Chongqing University of Medical Sciences seen during May and June, 1999 were recruited in this study. Among them, 250 were younger than 12 months and 64 were 12-24 months old. ResultsAmong the 314 subjects, 304 (96.8%) responded to the tests; 43( about 13.7%) were reported to have food hypersensitivity by their parents; 11 subjects were confirmed to have food hypersensitivity by food challenge and 10 subjects dropped out due to various causes during the procedure of elimination test. The minimum prevalence of food hypersensitivity is about 3.5% (11/314). On the bases of an assumption that the prevalence of food hypersensitivity was equal in participants and dropouts, a best estimate of prevalence was 5.2% . While the prevalence of food hypersensitivity in 0-12 months old infants was about 6.1%. The age of all patients confirmed to have food hypersensitivity was less than 12 months (average: 6.4±1.8 months)and the most susceptible age was 4-6 months. Although the offending foods involve soy, peanut, fish and orange, egg and cow′s milk were the most common foods to induce food hypersensitivity. The clinical responses related to cutaneous (eczema and wheal), gastrointestinal (vomit and diarrhea) and respiratory (sneezing) symptoms.ConclusionThe prevalence of food hypersensitivity in 0-24 months old infants was about 5.2% and 0-12 months old infants were more susceptible to food hypersensitivity ; the clinical manifestations of food hypersensitivity depend on the target organ affected. Cutaneous, gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms were the most common clinical responses; The medical history and various in vivo tests are useful. However, food challenge is absolutely necessary for diagnosing food hypersensitivity. The only effective treatment for food hypersensitivity is avoidance of the offending food; prolonging breast feeding may decrease the incidence of food hypersensitivity.

【Key words】Food hypersensitivity;Epidemiology;Prevalence

近年来的研究显示发达国家中的过敏性疾病呈持续上升趋势[1],过敏性疾病已成为危害儿童身心健康的一种常见的慢性疾病。其中食物过敏(food hypersensitivity,FH)可能成为某些严重过敏性疾病的诱因[2]。有报告发达国家儿童FH的患病率是1.4%(0.5%~3.5%),成人为0.3%(0.1%~1.0%)[3],而发展中国家FH的相关资料极少报道,且尚未见到国内有关FH,特别是婴幼儿FH的报道。在我国儿科实际工作中,特别在婴儿添加辅食过程中,医生如何指导家长避免或减少FH发生,是儿科医生面临的困难问题之一。为了解我国儿童FH的现状。本研究对314例0~24个月婴幼儿 FH的流行病学情况进行研究。

对象及方法

一、 研究对象

1999年5~6月在重庆医科大学儿童医院儿童保健科门诊随机收集进行健康体检的0~24个月正常儿童314例,其中0~6个月133例,6~12个月117例,12~24个月64例。男181例,女133例。

二、 FH诊断方法

1. 问卷调查:问卷包括询问母亲怀孕情况、生产史,小儿饮食史、疾病史及环境因素。记录家长认为引起小儿不适的食物(即可疑食物),包括摄入的量、诱发的症状、摄入该种食物到出现症状的时间以及重复进食相同食物是否出现相同症状等。

2. FH诊断试验:(1)皮肤点刺试验(skin prick test,SPT):所有儿童均做SPT检查,即用变应原点刺针通过滴于前臂皮肤上的食物提取物轻刺皮肤,15 min后测量疹团及红斑的长径。食物提取物包括牛奶、鸡蛋、大豆、花生、鱼、虾、麦子和桔子(购自美国Greer 公司台北分公司);阳性对照物是磷酸组胺(1 mg/ml,购自中国科学院上海生物化学研究所);阴性对照物采用生理盐水。SPT阳性判断:疹团长径比阴性对照反应大3 mm。一次可有1种或多种食物SPT阳性。(2)排除性饮食试验(elimination test):病史及SPT阳性者,给予专门的饮食登记表。不限制小儿饮食2周,然后排除可疑食物1周(可疑食物由病史及SPT的结果决定)。人工喂养的小儿出现牛奶过敏者,以酪蛋白水解的低敏奶粉替代(雀巢奶粉公司H.A.1);若怀疑为其他食物引起症状者,则将可疑食物从小儿饮食中完全排除。在此期间,家长记录小儿进食食物的种类、数量及有关的症状。结果判断:症状无明显改善或无消失为阴性,可排除FH的发生;反之,则为阳性。(3)开放式食物激发试验(open food challenge,OFC):上述排除性饮食1周后在医院内进行。将排除的可疑食物以普通形式从不引起症状的小量开始加入,观察一段时间(根据病史中提供的摄食至出现症状的时间而定),若未出现症状,则将食物逐渐加至常量,院内观察2 h,监测呼吸、心率及皮肤改变,并记录可观察到的症状及不适。无症状者回家继续该试验,电话随访2~4 d,若出现反应则嘱来医院证实。结果判断:可疑食物诱发出症状即为阳性,阳性者可确诊为FH。

结果

一、 调查应答情况

本研究调查的314例婴幼儿均经问卷及SPT检查, 10人因各种原因在常规饮食或排除性饮食过程中失访,故本次研究的应答率为96.8%。

二、 FH的患病率

本组资料显示家长自诉小儿有FH者43例(13.7%),SPT阳性者31例(9.9%)。SPT阳性者中,21例完成了FH的诊断步骤,其中11例患儿经OFC确诊为FH,余10例失访。故本组0~24个月小儿FH发生率的最小估计值是3.5%(11/314),假设发生率在完成FH诊断步骤的婴幼儿和失访婴幼儿相等,则FH的发生率约为5.2%。因参与本研究的0~12个月婴儿为250例,SPT阳性者25例(10%),确诊患儿年龄均在12个月内,失访的小儿中7例为0~12个月,故0~12个月小儿FH的发生率约为6.1%(表1)。

三、 致敏食物

本组资料证实主要引起我国0~24个月婴幼儿过敏的食物是鸡蛋和牛奶,这与国外报道相似[3]。11例被确诊的患儿中,单纯鸡蛋过敏与牛奶过敏者分别为5例(45%)和 2例(18%);多食物过敏者4例(36%),涉及的过敏食物有牛奶、鸡蛋、大豆、花生、鱼和橘子。

四、 FH的临床表现

本研究发现经确诊FH的婴儿无一例年龄在12个月以上,平均年龄(6.4±1.8)月,6例婴儿FH发生在4~6个月。本组资料显示婴幼儿FH的症状主要表现于皮肤、消化道和呼吸系统。本组资料中,几乎所有FH患儿都有皮肤症状(10例),最多见为湿疹(8例),其次为风团