摘要葱白为百合科植物葱Allium fistulosum L.的鳞茎。具有发表通阳解毒的功能。沈阳康达制药厂最新研制的“胰冲剂”，用于治疗糖尿病，疗效较好，葱白是该组方药物主要成分之一。但由于该品多见于民间验方，药典及地方标准均无收载，有关其生药鉴定方面的研究尚无报道。为进一步开发利用这一药用资源，为该品的鉴别标准提供依据，本文对其植物形态、药材性状、组织构造等方面进行了研究。

A Pharmacognostical Study on the Fistular Onion Bulb

(Allium fistulosum)

Zhai Yanjun and Kang Tingguo

Department of Chinese Materia Medica, Liaoning College of TCM(Shenyang 110032)

Liu Li

Shenyang Kangda Pharmaceutical Factory (Shenyang 110000)

Abstract“Congbai”, fistular onion bulb, a Chinese herbal drug, was systematically studied in such aspects as botanical morphology, macroscopical characters, histology and so on. Scientific basis was provided to draw up the standard of identifying “Congbai”.

Key words“Congbai”Allium fistulosum L.macroscopical charactershistological characterspharmacognostical identification▲

“Congbai”, Allium fistulosum L., was initially recorded in Transactions of Famous Physicians(《名医别录》). But it was named as “Congjingbai” in Compendium of Materia Medica(《本草纲目》)and “Congbaitou” in Explanation of Medicine (《药品化义》)^［1］. “Congbai” is the bulb of Allium fistulosum L. (Liliaceae), with the effects of relieving superficies syndrome, activating yang, and detoxicating. It is mainly used for the treatment of cold and heat headache due to affection by cold, abdominal pain due to coldness of the genitals, malnutrition due to parasitic infestation, difficulty in urination and defecation, dysentery, swelling pain, etc.. The compatibility of “Shengma” (Rhizoma Cimicifugae) and “Congbai” is used for the treatment of common cold according to folk remedy. The experiment in decreasing the content of nitrite in gastric juice with fresh scallion was reported^［2］. The effect of “Banxia Congbai Suppository” on acute mastitis was observed^［3］. 130 cases of premature acute mastitis were treated with Congbai and Banxia (Rhizoma pinelliae) combined with ginger juice by liquid cupping method, with the effective rate of 96.9%^［4］. In the books from ancient Supplement to Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies(《补缺肘后方》), Huatuo's Prescriptions for Critical Diseases (《华佗危病方》), and Compendium of Materia Medica (《本草纲目》) to nowadays Herbal Drug Handbook (《本草手册》) as well as clinical reports, the folk medicinal history of “Congbai” on preventing and treating diseases has been recorded there^［1］. “Congbai” contains volatile oil (mainly contains garlicin), diallyl sulfur ether; contains vitamin C (97 mg% damp sample), vitamin B₁, vitamin B₂, nicotinic acid, fatty oil and phlegm^［1］. Yi granule, which is a recipe made by Shenyang Kangda Pharmaceutical Factory, has good therapeutic effect on diabetes. “Congbai” is one of the main ingredients in it. However, “Congbai” is not recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia and Local Criterion of Medicine but only used in folk remedy. Study on its pharmacognostical identification has not been reported. In order to develop and utilize this drug better, and provide scientific basis for its identification criterion, we systematically studied on the identification of its botanical morphology, macroscopical and histological characters.

1Plant Morphology

Perennial herb, 50 cm high. Usually clustering, whole body with pungent stink. Fibrous root, occuring in a cluster, white. Fresh stem columnar, tip a little fat. Fresh leaves with layer upon layer, white, having longitudinal veins. Leaves growing at base, columnar, hollow, about 45 cm long, 1.5～2 cm in diameter, tip tapering, green, with longitudinal veins; leaf sheath, light green. Flower stem branching out from the clump of leaves, usually single, inflated, hollow in the middle, green, also with longitudinal veins; umbel, glabrous; involucre, membranous, ovate or ovatelanceolate; perianth 6, lanceolate, white, outer series 3, short and small, inner series 3, long and big, with a longitudinal vein in the middle of the periaanth; stamen 6, filaments branching out, anther yellow, T-shaped; ovary 3-celled. Capsules 3-ribbed. Seeds black, in triangular shape, semicircular. It is cultivated everywhere in the whole nation.

2Macroscopical Characters of “Congbai”

Bulb cylindrical, 15～35 cm long, 1～3.5 cm in diameter, tip a little fat; surface white, green in the end; scale leaf with layer upon layer, having longitudinal veins; texture soft, easily broken, pungent mucus apearing after being broken; section with several layers of scale-leaf-circle vein; center with an elliptic or two horse's-hoof-shaped tender leaves, commonly named as “Congxin”, green or yellowish green on the edge, section white, under the magnifying glass, fine mesh visible, sponge-like in shape. Odour heavy peppery; taste peppery, pungent stink lasting for long time while chewing.

3Histological Characters of “Congbai”

3.1Transverse Section of the Base Tissue of Scale Leaf： The inner epidermis and outer epidermis consisting of a layer of square-like cells; having several vascular bundles; the xylem tending towards the inner epidermis; having a strip composed of oil cells and oil cavities between the outer epidermis and the vascular bundles; Having brow-nish yellow volatile oil in oil cavity, 35～150 μm in diameter; the oil cell relatively big, whose longitudinal section rectangle-like shaped, having brownish yellow volatile oil; parenchymatous cell circle-like shaped, containing some calcium oxalate druses, circularly cluster-shaped or circl-like, 6～20 μm in diameter (Fig.1).

A-diagram of transverse section

B-Details of oil cavity

C-Details of longitudinal section of oil cells

i-ep-inner epidermiscr-calcium oxalate crystals xy-xylemph-phloemo.ca-oil cavityo.ep-outer epidermis

Fig.1Diagram of Scale-leaf Base of Allium fistulosum L.

3.2Longitudinal Section of Scale Leaf Tissue：For the longitudinal section near the outer epidermis of the outer layer scale leaf of the relatively thick bulb, parenchymatous cell rectangular, containing 1-(2) styloid crystals or druses; styloid crystals 46 μm in length, 1.5～22 μm in diameter, druses 3～18 (30) μm in diameter, with more pyramids. For the longitudinal section near the outer epidermis of the outer layer scale leaf of the relatively thin bulb, parenchymatous cell mostly containing prismatic crystals, short styloid crystals, and druses; prismatic crystals mostly regular octahedron in shape, 3～19 μm in diameter. For the longitudinal section near the outer epidermis of the inner layer scale leaf of bulb, cell nearly square or polygon-like; the cell wall fine ripples shaped, enclosing globularity-like calcium oxalate druses, being smaller than that in the outer layer scale leaf (Fig.2).

A-Longitudinal section of outer layer scale-leafybase of thicker bulb