中国图书资料分类法分类号R766.5
The magnetic resonance imaging of the upper airway
in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
GAO Xue-Mei#, ZENG Xiang-Long, FU Min-Kui, HUANG Xi-Zhen, CHEN Lei
(#Department of Orthodontics, School of Stamatology, Beijing Medical University , Beijing100081China)
MeSHSleep apnea syndromes/pathol Pharynx/anat Pharynx/radionaclide Nuclear magnetic resonance
ABSTRACTObjective: We used magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) which could provide super imaging of soft tissue to investigate the difference between the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS) and the non-snorers.Methods: 23 OSAS patients were diagnosed by whole night polysomnography. Every one or two patients had one age-sex-matched control subject with no snoring at night. Both 23 OSAS patients and 12 controls took MRI scans of upper airway. Compared those images within nasopharynx, palatopharynx, glossopharynx and hypopharynx.Results: OSAS patients showed smaller airway than controls in almost every aspect, such as sagittal size, horizontal size, the ratio of sagittal size to horizontal size, cross-sectional area and volume of the upper airway. The difference in the nasopharynx was an interesting discovery.Conclusion: A structurally abnormal airway might serve as an anatomic substrate for the development of sleep apnea. MRI was a valuable diagnostic tool in the research of OSAS, though it could not be replaced of whole night polysomnography.
(J Beijing Med Univ,1999,31:450-453)
阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS)为夜间反复发生的上气道狭窄或阻塞,近年来日益受到研究者重视。不规则的上气道,只有通过三维手段才能正确认识其形态。自1983年Suratt[1]起,一些学者以CT(computeri-
zed tomography)为手段进行了OSAS形态学研究,迅速丰富了人们对OSAS的认识,但存在不足:(1)均是CT研究,对软组织显影较差;(2)样本量较小,测量指标也较少;(3)对照组在性别、年龄等因素上配对不严格。国内有刘月华[2]等做OSAS的X线和CT影像学分析。作为软组织显影好的核磁共振影像技术(magnetic resonance imaging, MRI)研究,甚少用于OSAS上气道一般特征的研究。
1对象与方法
1.1对象
研究组23名OSAS患者均为1996~1997年的我科门诊患者。其中男性20人,女性3人。所有病人经协和医院夜间多导睡眠图确诊为符合标准的OSAS[3]。其呼吸暂停低通气指数(apnea/hypopnea index, AHI)为(45±24)次·h-1, 从5.82次·h-1至94.60次·h-1。
配对对照组来自40岁以上无OSAS症状及其相关疾病的北京医科大学人民医院磁共振中心的门诊患者,每位对照与1~2位相近年龄性别的OSAS相对应。共选取12人,其中男10人,女2人。无睡眠呼吸障碍判定标准: (1)自述或被家人证实无持续/响亮鼾声;(2)无夜间憋气或被发现夜间呼吸暂停现象;(3)无晨起头痛、恶心等症状及日间严重困倦;(4)无阻塞性肺疾病及上气道肿物或压迫气道的疾病,鼻腔通畅;(5)无影响呼吸中枢的疾病,如脑干肿瘤或梗塞等;(6)无甲状腺功能低下、垂体瘤等疾病。此组均未做夜间多导睡眠监测。
以上两组人员在性别构成、年龄、身高、体重上差异均无显著性,体重指数BMI差异有显著性(表1)。
表1OSAS研究组与配对对照组的一般情况的差异比较(±s)
Table 1Clinical characteristics of OSAS patients and those of the controls(±s)
Group Matched controls OSAS n(male/female) 10/2 20/3 Age(years) 49.8±10.1 50.3±10.9 Height(cm) 171.8±6.8 168.2±5.6 Weight(kg) 71.3±7.6 75.7±8.7 BMI(kg·m-2) 24.1±1.9 26.8±3.0** AHI(episodes/h-1) / 45.7±24.0** P<0.01, compared with the matched controls.1.2方法
研究组及无睡眠呼吸障碍组每一成员均扫描MRI。投照机器为北京医科大学人民医院磁共振中心的MRI,机型GYREX-2T SGR(以色列产ELSCint Ltd.)。头线圈。SE序列T1加权像,TR/TE=620-680/12.0,层厚5 mm,间隔1.5 mm。取像范围:轴位(包含自鼻咽顶端至第三颈椎水平),矢状位(下颌骨内缘范围)。距阵256×256,激励次数2次。
研究组及无睡眠呼吸障碍组成员均以仰卧位扫描,眼耳平面垂直于地,正中合,平静呼吸,扫描中嘱勿吞咽及讲话,并保持清醒。扫描数据存入可擦写光盘(3M公司,1.2G)。
在Elscint工作站上,输入扫描数据,固定窗位C1=-732,固定窗宽W1=665。利用计算机固化程序描选所要测定的面积,读取上气道轴位截面面积、舌体及软腭矢状截面面积,测取3遍,最后计算取其平均值;同样利用工作站固化软件测量咽腔直径,矢状径为轴截面上通过头颅矢状轴的线段,横径为与矢状径成90度角的线段。
1.3MRI测量项目及统计学处理
在正中矢状面的计划线定位图上判定咽腔各层次(图1)。
The nasopharynx was defined as the region between the roof of the airway and the hard palate. The palatopharynx lies between the hard palate and the tip of the soft palate. The glossopharynx was from the tip of the soft palate to the top of the epiglottis. The hypopharynx is between the top of the epiglottis and the base of epiglottis. All 19 images of upper airway could be divided into these four major levels.
图1MRI鼻咽、腭咽、舌咽、喉咽的划分
Figure 1The division of upper airway: nasopharynx,palatopharynx, glossopharynx and hypopharynx
记录和计算咽腔各段内最小截面积、最大截面积、平均截面积;平均矢状直径、平均横向直径;矢向径与横向径的比例;按层厚5 mm、间隔1.5 mm累积计算咽腔各段的体积。在计算机上利用SPSS(Window版)统计软件包进行各计量资料t检验。
2结果
研究组(OSAS患者)与配对对照组上气道直径的比较见表2。
表2OSAS与配对对照上气道MRI直径比较(±s)
Table 2The upper airway size (mm) of OSAS compared with the matched controls(±s)
d/mm
Sagittal size Horizontal size Matched controls OSAS Matched controls OSAS Nasopharynx 17.8±2.4 14.3±2.8△△△ 24.8±2.3