中国图书资料分类法分类号R563-332
Effects of different ventilatory strategies on ventilator-induced lung injury:a study of a rabbit model of acute lung injury
ZOU Jun, YANG Ba-Xian, ZHANG Jing-Fan, ZHANG Xi-Zhe
(Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital, Beijing Medical University, Beijing100034)
MeSHHyperventilationVentilators, mechanicalLung/injTumor necrosis factor/adv eff
Disease models, animal
ABSTRACTObjective: To evaluate the influence of conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) and permissive hypercapnia associated with ideal PEEP ventilation (PHY+PEEPi) on lung injury in surfactant-depleted rabbit lungs, and to better understand the relationship between tumor necrosis factor-α(TNFα) and ventilator-induced lung injury.Methods: 12 anesthetized adult rabbits were tracheostomized, and surfactant depletion was induced by repeated saline lavage. Lung lavage for measurement of TNFα level was repeated after 4 h of CMV at FiO2 of 1.0 or PHY+PEEPi at the same FiO2. Arterial blood gas analysis, lavage cell counts and differential cytology, lung water measurement and pathological microscopic examination were performed.Results: Conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) resulted in a progressive hypoxemia, increased number of neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), substantial morphological changes including hyaline membrane formation and neutrophils accumulation, increased total lung water (TLW) and extravascular lung water (EVLW) whereas PHY+PEEPi was associated with minimal changes in such physiological and pathological abnormalities. The levels of TNFα in lung lavage fluid were significantly greater in undergoing CMV than in undergoing PHY+PEEPi.Conclusion: The data suggest that CMV could result in much release of such inflammatory chemical mediator-TNFα and much degree of lung injury than PHY+PEEPi, and that proinflammatory cytokines-TNFα may play a pivotal role in ventilator-induced lung injury.
(J Beijing Med Univ, 1999,31:432-435)
机械通气可以引起或加重肺损伤(ventilator-induced lung injury,VILI)[1],减少吸气末与呼气末的容量差成为近年来机械通气时肺保护的趋势。一些对成人呼吸窘迫综合征(adult respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS)前瞻性的研究表明:允许性高碳酸血症(permissive hypercapnia,PHY)与最佳PEEP(PEEPi,PEEPideal)相结合的通气模式(PHY+PEEPi)可使脱机和肺恢复时间缩短及降低ICU病人死亡率[2]。肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)作为重要的炎性细胞因子,其在ARDS中的作用也被日益重视[3,4]。本文通过建立表面活性物质缺乏的兔肺损伤模型,观察在不同通气模式下肺损伤的程度及TNFα的变化,评估不同的通气模式和TNFα在VILI中的作用。
1材料与方法
1.1动物模型和分组
健康家兔12只,性别不限,体重2.4~3.1 kg,耳缘静脉注射戊巴比妥钠每千克体重25 mg麻醉后,置于仰卧位,自一侧耳静脉及股动脉分别穿刺留置22#套管针,分别用于输液及持续监测动脉血压、心率,采集动脉血样。耳静脉给予潘库溴铵每千克体重2 mg后,气管切开插管,机械通气:FiO2 1.0, RR 25min-1, IT 1.0 s,MV 350ml·kg-1,麻醉维持给以戊巴比妥钠4mg·kg-1.h-1及潘库溴铵0.3mg·h-1, 林格氏液7 ml·kg-1.h-1。稳定15min后开始制备表面活性物质缺乏模型:自插管注入37 ℃ 9g·L-1 NaCl (30ml·kg-1)后立即回抽,重复3次后,再接呼吸机,PEEP为0.3kPa(3cmH2O),余指标不变,收集第一次灌洗样本。上述灌洗每5min重复1次直至PaO2/FiO2小于13.3kPa。平均灌洗4次。 模型建立后10min,测P-V曲线。根据通气方式不同,兔随机分为两组: C组(n=6),以CMV模式通气, RR 25min-1, MV 350ml·kg-1, IT 1.0 s, PEEP 0.3 kPa(3 cmH2O); P组(n=6), 以PHY+PEEPi模式通气,RR 25min-1, IT 1.0 s, PEEP根据P-V 曲线, 取大于P-V 曲线低位折点处压力0.2kPa(2cmH2O)为最佳PEEP (PEEPi), 一般为1.0~1.2 kPa(10~12cmH2O) (图1), MV 175ml·kg-1,机械通气4h后, 重复上述灌洗1次,收集第2次灌洗样本。静注氯化钾液处死, 即刻开胸取双侧肺。
UI,upper inflection; LI,lower inflection.
图1P-V曲线吸气相图
Figure 1Inspiratory static P-V curve
1.2测定指标
血流动力学:持续监测平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure, MAP)。
血气:模型建立即刻、机械通气后30 min、1 h、2 h、3 h、4 h。
TNFα(均相竞争放射免疫分析法):两次灌洗液样本。药盒购自北京东亚免疫技术研究所。
UI, upper inflection; LI, lower inflection.
肺水量:动物处死即刻开胸取双侧肺,重量法测定血管外肺水(extravascular lung water, EVLW)及总肺水(total lung water, TLW)。
病理:右肺下叶外侧取样,大体及光镜检查。
BALF中细胞总数及细胞分类计数:两次灌洗液样本400×g离心(4℃)5 min,收集细胞,PBS液冲洗两次,光镜下记数细胞总数,瑞特染色后油镜下分类记数。
1.3实验仪器
呼吸机 (Newport E200,American),血气分析仪(Radiometer Copenhagen ABL3,Denmark),多功能生理监护仪(Spacelabs,American),紫外分光光度计(SHIMADZU UV2100,Japan),超速低温离心机(Dupont RC5C,American),γ计数仪(LKB 1260,Switzland)
1.4统计方法
所有数据以(±s)表示。组内差异用t检验和单因素方差分析,组间差异用t检验和两因素方差分析。P<0.05表明差异有统计学意义。
2结果
血流动力学: 两组MAP、HR在实验过程中差异无显著性。
动脉血气:模型建立机械通气后,P组的PaO2明显高于C组,且一直持续至实验结束(P<0.01);P组的PaCO2明显高于C组(P<0.01);pH值在通气2h内,P组低于C组 (P<0.05), 而至3h、4h时,两组已无显著性差异 (P>0.05);P组SaO2明显高于C组 (P<0.01,见表1)。肺水体积: P组的TLW量明显少于C组 (P<0.05),EVLW量亦明显少于C组 (P<0.01,见表2)。
表1两组机械通气过程中血气的变化(±s)
Table 1The changes of ABG in both groups during mec
